Primary anthropogenic drivers.

<p>Distributions of primary proximate anthropogenic drivers by island for the main Hawaiian Islands ordered from north to south. Box plots represent minimum, 1^st quartile, mean, 3^rd quartile, and maximum for each continuous driver, and categorical drivers (i.e. presence) are histograms of frequency of occurrence. Drivers include (A) total commercial catch for all gears combined (kg/ha), (B) total non-commercial catch for all gears combined (kg/ha), (C) sediment (Tons/yr/ha), (D) nitrogen flux from OSDS (g/day/km²), (E) invasive fish, (F) invasive algae, (G) habitat modification (proportion of reef area with presence), (H) new development (unitless).</p

Anthropogenic and environmental drivers mapped and input data sources.

<p>Anthropogenic and environmental drivers mapped and input data sources.</p

Principle component analysis of anthropogenic and environmental drivers.

<p>Principle component analysis (PCA) of the anthropogenic and environmental drivers based on median values by island. Loadings for each principle component drawn as grey lines in the direction of increasing values. PAR = Photosynthetically Active Radiation (irradiance); Chl a = Chlorophyll-<i>a</i>.</p

Environmental drivers.

<p>Spatial distributions in key environmental drivers that influence coral reef ecosystems, including chlorophyll-<i>a</i> (mg m^-3), sea surface temperature (°C), wave power (kW m^-1), and irradiance (Einstein m^-2 d-¹) across the eight main Hawaiian Islands.</p

Invasive species and habitat modification.

<p>Top: Invasive species (presence only) on O‘ahu, Hawai‘i (green-invasive algae, yellow-invasive fish). Invasive algae layer is displayed on top of invasive fish. Bottom: Habitat modification (red) present on O‘ahu, Hawai‘i including manmade and artificial shorelines, maintained channels and dredged areas, and offshore aquaculture.</p

Land-based pollution.

<p>Maps of land-based pollution in central Maui Nui. From left to right: sedimentation (tons of sediment/yr/ha), nitrogen flux from onsite waste disposal systems (OSDS) (g/day/km²), and new development (scaled 0–1) which represents the impact of sediment runoff from recent construction sites on newly developed land between 2005–2011.</p

Non-commercial shore-based fishing.

<p>Maps of the final continuous spatial layers for non-commercial shore-based fishing catch (kg/ha) on the Kohala coast of the Island of Hawai‘i. Maps depict the average annual catch of reef fish by non-commercial shore-based fishing with line, spear, and net gears (left to right, respectively). Inset maps on each panel show examples of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) with different gear restrictions. Only MPAs that completely prohibit use of the respective gears are shown on each panel. Upper inset = Lapakahi Marine Life Conservation District (MLCD): zone 1 is full no take, zone 2 allows line and net fishing but prohibits spearfishing. Lower inset = Waialea Bay MLCD: line fishing is allowed but spear and net are prohibited.</p

Anthropogenic and environmental drivers.

<p>Typology for primary proximate anthropogenic and environmental drivers for coastal waters of the main Hawaiian Islands from the shoreline extending 5 km offshore.</p

Methodological framework.

<p>Overall approach and steps to support the integration of spatial data to map human and natural drivers on coral reefs.</p