140 research outputs found
Riccati Solutions of Discrete Painlev\'e Equations with Weyl Group Symmetry of Type
We present a special solutions of the discrete Painlev\'e equations
associated with , and -surface. These
solutions can be expressed by solutions of linear difference equations. Here
the -surface discrete Painlev\'e equation is the most generic
difference equation, as all discrete Painlev\'e equations can be obtained by
its degeneration limit. These special solutions exist when the parameters of
the discrete Painlev\'e equation satisfy a particular constraint. We consider
that these special functions belong to the hypergeometric family although they
seems to go beyond the known discrete and -discrete hypergeometric
functions. We also discuss the degeneration scheme of these solutions.Comment: 22 page
Does Pre-trained Language Model Actually Infer Unseen Links in Knowledge Graph Completion?
Knowledge graphs (KGs) consist of links that describe relationships between
entities. Due to the difficulty of manually enumerating all relationships
between entities, automatically completing them is essential for KGs. Knowledge
Graph Completion (KGC) is a task that infers unseen relationships between
entities in a KG. Traditional embedding-based KGC methods, such as RESCAL,
TransE, DistMult, ComplEx, RotatE, HAKE, HousE, etc., infer missing links using
only the knowledge from training data. In contrast, the recent Pre-trained
Language Model (PLM)-based KGC utilizes knowledge obtained during pre-training.
Therefore, PLM-based KGC can estimate missing links between entities by reusing
memorized knowledge from pre-training without inference. This approach is
problematic because building KGC models aims to infer unseen links between
entities. However, conventional evaluations in KGC do not consider inference
and memorization abilities separately. Thus, a PLM-based KGC method, which
achieves high performance in current KGC evaluations, may be ineffective in
practical applications. To address this issue, we analyze whether PLM-based KGC
methods make inferences or merely access memorized knowledge. For this purpose,
we propose a method for constructing synthetic datasets specified in this
analysis and conclude that PLMs acquire the inference abilities required for
KGC through pre-training, even though the performance improvements mostly come
from textual information of entities and relations.Comment: 15 pages, 10 figure
Artwork Explanation in Large-scale Vision Language Models
Large-scale vision-language models (LVLMs) output text from images and
instructions, demonstrating advanced capabilities in text generation and
comprehension. However, it has not been clarified to what extent LVLMs
understand the knowledge necessary for explaining images, the complex
relationships between various pieces of knowledge, and how they integrate these
understandings into their explanations. To address this issue, we propose a new
task: the artwork explanation generation task, along with its evaluation
dataset and metric for quantitatively assessing the understanding and
utilization of knowledge about artworks. This task is apt for image description
based on the premise that LVLMs are expected to have pre-existing knowledge of
artworks, which are often subjects of wide recognition and documented
information. It consists of two parts: generating explanations from both images
and titles of artworks, and generating explanations using only images, thus
evaluating the LVLMs' language-based and vision-based knowledge. Alongside, we
release a training dataset for LVLMs to learn explanations that incorporate
knowledge about artworks. Our findings indicate that LVLMs not only struggle
with integrating language and visual information but also exhibit a more
pronounced limitation in acquiring knowledge from images alone. The datasets
(ExpArt=Explain Artworks) are available at
https://huggingface.co/datasets/naist-nlp/ExpArt
A -anaolg of the sixth Painlev\'e equation
A -difference analog of the sixth Painlev\'e equation is presented. It
arises as the condition for preserving the connection matrix of linear
-difference equations, in close analogy with the monodromy preserving
deformation of linear differential equations. The continuous limit and special
solutions in terms of -hypergeometric functions are also discussed.Comment: 8 pages, LaTeX file (Two misprints corrected
Protogenin, a new member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, is implicated in the development of the mouse lower first molar
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p><it>Protogenin (Prtg) </it>has been identified as a gene which is highly expressed in the mouse mandible at embryonic day 10.5 (E10.5) by a cDNA subtraction method between mandibles at E10.5 and E12.0. Prtg is a new member of the deleted in colorectal carcinoma (DCC) family, which is composed of DCC, Neogenin, Punc and Nope. Although these members play an important role in the development of the embryonic central nervous system, recent research has also shed on the non-neuronal organization. However, very little is known regarding the fetal requirement of the non-neuronal organization for Prtg and how this may be associated with the tooth germ development. This study examined the functional implications of Prtg in the developing tooth germ of the mouse lower first molar.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Ptrg is preferentially expressed in the early stage of organogenesis. Prtg mRNA and protein were widely expressed in the mesenchymal cells in the mandible at E10.5. The oral epithelial cells were also positive for Prtg. The expression intensity of Prtg after E12.0 was markedly reduced in the mesenchymal cells of the mandible, and was restricted to the area where the tooth bud was likely to be formed. Signals were also observed in the epithelial cells of the tooth germ. Weak signals were observed in the inner enamel epithelial cells at E16.0 and E18.0. An inhibition assay using a hemagglutinating virus of Japan-liposome containing <it>Prtg </it>antisense-phosphorothioated-oligodeoxynucleotide (AS-S-ODN) in cultured mandibles at E10.5 showed a significant growth inhibition in the tooth germ. The relationship between Prtg and the odontogenesis-related genes was examined in mouse E10.5 mandible, and we verified that the Bmp-4 expression had significantly been decreased in the mouse E10.5 mandible 24 hr after treatment with Prtg AS-S-ODN.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>These results indicated that the <it>Prtg </it>might be related to the initial morphogenesis of the tooth germ leading to the differentiation of the inner enamel epithelial cells in the mouse lower first molar. A better understanding of the Prtg function might thus play a critical role in revealing a precious mechanism in tooth germ development.</p
Results of Postoperative Treatments in View of the Surgical Stage of Uterine Endometrial Carcinoma
Background : The indications for and the optimal mode of adjuvant therapy in surgically operated endometrial cancer patients have not yet been established. We studied the indications for the postoperative treatment of endometrial carcinoma patients based on their surgical stages (FIGO, 1988) . Methods : We retrospectively restaged the cases of 178 endometrial carcinoma patients who underwent hysterectomy with pelvic lymphadenectomy between 1965 and 1992 and who were followed-up longer than 3 years. The patients were subdivided into low- and high-risk groups, and we investigated the relation between their postoperative treatment and recurrence rates. Postoperative treatment was divided into the three groups of no/incomplete, external whole-pelvic irradiation (EWPI) and chemotherapy. Results : The 79 patients in Stage Ia or Ib had no/incomplete postoperative treatment, but only 1 (1.3%) had a recurrence. Four Stage IIa patients had no recurrence and all 3 low-risk patients had no postoperative treatment. Of the 5 Stage IIb, low-risk patients, 1 of the no postoperativetreatment group had a recurrence. The recurrence rate among the Stage IIb patients of the high-risk group was 40% (2/5) in the incomplete postoperative treatment group. The six Stage IIIa patients with EWPI. had no recurrence. In contrast, 14 of the 15 Stage IIIb and IIIc patients underwent postoperative EWPI, and 11 of them (78.6%) had a recurrence including 8 (81.8%) with a recurrence in distant regions. Conclusion : Postoperative treatment may be well omitted for many patients at Stage Ia or Ib and the low-risk group at Stage IIa based on surgical staging criteria. Patients in other surgical stages seemed to require to identify best postoperative treatment , but further randomized prospective studies will be required to identift the best mode of treatment
Impact of Motivation for Eating Habits, Appetite and Food Satisfaction, and Food Consciousness on Food Intake and Weight Loss in Older Nursing Home Patients
Background This study analyzed data from the Long-term care Information system For Evidence (LIFE) database to examine the effects of motivation to eat, appetite and food satisfaction, and food consciousness on food intake and weight loss. Methods Of the 748 nursing home residents enrolled in the LIFE database, 336 met the eligibility criteria for this cross-sectional study. Motivation to eat, appetite and food satisfaction, and food consciousness were rated on five-point Likert scales (e.g., good, fair, normal, not so good, and not good). We applied Spearman rank correlation coefficient and multiple regression analyses to analyze the relationships between these three items, daily energy and protein intake, and body weight loss over 6 months. Results The mean participant age was 87.4±8.1 years and 259 (77%) were female. The required levels of care included—level 1, 1 (0%); level 2, 4 (1%); level 3, 107 (32%); level 4, 135 (40%); and level 5, 89 (27%). The mean daily energy intake was 28.2±7.8 kcal/kg. The mean daily protein intake was 1.1±0.3 g/kg. The mean weight loss over six months was 1.2±0.7 kg. We observed strong positive correlations among motivation to eat, appetite and food satisfaction, and food consciousness (r>0.8). These three items were significantly associated with higher daily energy intake but not with daily protein intake. Only appetite and food satisfaction were significantly associated with lower weight loss over six months. Conclusion The observed associations of appetite and food satisfaction suggest that these factors may be more important to assess than motivation to eat or food consciousness among older adult residents of long-term care facilities
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