Degradación química en Acrisoles bajo diferentes usos y pendientes en la sabana de Huimanguillo, Tabasco, México

Objective: To evaluate the chemical soil degradation caused by nutrients lost in Acrisols from the Savannah of Huimanguillo, Tabasco, Mexico. Design/methodology/approach: The effect of two factors, land use and slope relief, were study. Properties evaluated were soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen (Nt), available phosphorus (P), Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC), and exchangeable cations (K, Ca, Mg, Na). Results: The content of SOM were considerate rich to very rich, and did not showed any significant differences between factors. Nt was statistically high, and K was statistically low. P, CEC, Ca, Mg and Na showed statistically differences and lower contents. Limitations of study/implications: Soil degradation is a global problem, therefore the necessity of studies to understand the effect of land use over soil fertility and land chemical conditions. Findings/conclusions: The results indicates presence of chemical degradation in Acrisols, mostly by effect of land use and suggest the necessity of conservation strategies.Objetivo: Evaluar la degradación química del suelo por pérdida de nutrientes en Acrisoles de la Sabana de Huimanguillo, Tabasco, México. Diseño/Metodología/Aproximación: Se estudió el efecto de dos factores, los usos del suelo y las pendientes del relieve. Las propiedades evaluadas fueron materia orgánica del suelo (MOS), nitrógeno total (Nt), fosforo extraíble (P), Capacidad de Intercambio Catiónico (CIC), y bases intercambiables (K, Ca, Mg, Na). Resultados: Los contenidos de MOS son considerados de ricos a muy ricos, sin diferencias significativas entre factores. El Nt fue alto y el K intercambiable bajo, mostrando diferencias significativas. El P, CIC, Ca, Mg y Na mostraron diferencias significativas y contenidos bajos. Limitaciones del estudio/implicaciones: La degradación del suelo constituye un problema global, es necesario estudiar el efecto que tiene el uso del suelo sobre la fertilidad y condiciones químicas de la tierra. Hallazgos/conclusiones: Los resultados muestran la existencia de degradación química en Acrisoles del área de estudio principalmente por efecto del uso del suelo, sugiriendo la necesidad de estrategias de conservación

Carbón vegetal como mejorador de un Acrisol cultivado con caña de azúcar (Saccharum spp.)

Objective: To analyze the effect of the addition of charcoal residues on physical and chemical properties of an Acrisol cultivated with sugar cane in the savannah of Huimanguillo, Tabasco, Mexico. Design/methodology/approach: Unmarketable waste charcoal were used, from the company "El Cocoite", from Villahermosa, Tabasco, Mexico. An incubation with charcoal mixed with 300 g of soil was performed for different treatments: 0, 1.2g, 1.8g, 2.4g, 3.0g, 3.6 g, 4.2 g and 4.8 g. Two samples were made at 45 and 90 days, in each sample the soil moisture (SM), bulk density (Bd), pH (H2O), organic carbon (OC), C / N, cation exchange capacity was measured (CEC), exchangeables bases, and exchangeable acidity were evaluating. Results: The soil was improved in physical properties: by increasing soil moisture and keeping an appropriate Bd. The chemical properties such as CO, pH, CIC, Ca 2+, Mg 2+ Na+ and K+, were improved, and the exchangeable acidity reduced. Limitations/study implications: Low crop yield in Acrisols used for sugar cane cultivation, limit the sustainability of this high economic impact agricultural activity in the Southeast of Mexico. Findings/conclusions: This would help improve the availability of plant nutrients in the Ferric Acrisol cultivated with sugar cane.Objetivo: Analizar el efecto de la adición de residuos de carbón vegetal sobre las propiedades físicas y químicas de un suelo Acrisol cultivado con caña de azúcar en la sabana de Huimanguillo, Tabasco, México. Diseño/metodología/aproximación: Se utilizaron residuos de carbón vegetal no comercializable, proveniente de la empresa “El Cocoite”, de Villahermosa, Tabasco, México. Para ello se realizó una incubación con los tratamientos: 0, 1.2g, 1.8 g, 2.4 g, 3.0g, 3.6 g, 4.2 g y 4.8 g, de carbón mezclado con 300 g de suelo. Se realizaron dos muestreos, a los 45 y 90 días, en cada muestreo se midió la humedad aprovechable (Ha), densidad aparente (Da), pH (H2O), carbono orgánico (CO), C/N, capacidad intercambió catiónico (CIC), bases intercambiables y acidez intercambiable. Resultados: Se mejoraron las propiedades físicas del suelo, aumentando la Ha y conservando una Da apropiada. Las propiedades químicas del suelo mejoraron y se redujo la acidez intercambiable. Limitaciones/implicaciones del estudio: Los bajos rendimientos en los Acrisoles utilizados para el cultivo de caña de azúcar, suponen una dificultad para la sustentabilidad de esta actividad agrícola de alta importancia económica en el Sureste de México. Hallazgos/conclusiones: Esto ayudaría a mejorar la disponibilidad de nutrientes a la planta en el Acrisol férrico cultivado con caña de azúcar

Celulosa y microcelulosa de residuos del cultivo de caña de azúcar (Saccharum spp.)

Objective: To characterize the structure, texture and thermal properties of cellulose and cellulose microfibers (MFC) of three sugarcane crops and the development of a biocomposite. Design / methodology / approach: The celluloses were extracted by the Kraft method and the MFCs of the cultures MEX-69-290, CP-72-2086 and MEX-68-P23, using oxidative and mechanical processes; for its characterization spectroscopic, microscopic and thermal techniques were used; and were analyzed with a completely randomized design, where the treatments were cellulose and CFM extracted from the three cultivars of sugarcane; In addition to the fusion processing of a biocomposite from polylactic acid and CMF. Results: Cellulose and CFM were obtained from the straw of the three crops, the similar quality, the percentage of moisture in the straw and the cellulose having the same behavior, the chemical composition of the cellulose is of high purity. The results of XRD and FTIR have characteristic bands and similar amounts of cellulose in the crystalline phase. TGA indicates that cellulose decomposes at higher temperatures of polylactic acid (PLA), which supports melt mixing processes. Limitations of the study / implications: The varieties of sugarcane pajamas have different characteristics in the cellulose phase and in the CFM phase; but similar between cultivars. Findings / conclusions: The crystallinity by XRD and the identification of functional groups by FTIR show us characteristic bands of the cell in the crystalline phase and how the amorphous part of the straw is lost without treatment, becoming more crystalline when it becomes cellulose and mostly in microcellulose; as well as the similarity that exists in the three cultivars of said components and in similar quantities. The resistance properties of the biocomposite will be affected when the CFMs are added to the polylactic acid.Objetivo: Caracterizar la estructura, textura y propiedades térmicas de celulosas y microfibras de celulosa (MFC) de tres cultivares de caña de azúcar y la elaboración de un biocompuesto. Diseño/metodología/aproximación: Las celulosas fueron extraídas por el método Kraft y las MFC de los cultivares MEX-69-290, CP-72-2086 y MEX-68-P23, utilizando procesos oxidativos y mecánicos; para su caracterización se emplearon técnicas espectroscópicas, microscópicas y térmicas; y fueron analizadas con un diseño completamente al azar, donde los tratamientos fueron la celulosa y MFC extraídas de los tres cultivares de caña de azúcar; además de la elaboración por fusión de un biocompuesto a partir de ácido poliláctico y las MCF. Resultados: Se obtuvieron celulosa y MFC de la paja de los tres cultivares, la cual presentó similitud, teniendo el mismo comportamiento el porcentaje de humedad en la paja y la celulosa, la composición química de la celulosa es de alta pureza. Los resultados de XRD y FTIR presentan bandas características y cantidades similares de celulosa en fase cristalina. TGA indica que la celulosa se descompone a temperaturas más altas de ácido poliláctico (PLA), lo que apoya los procesos de mezcla en fusión. Limitaciones del estudio/implicaciones: Las variedades de paja de caña de azúcar presentan características diferentes en la fase de celulosa y en fase de MFC; pero similar entre cultivares. Hallazgos/conclusiones: La cristalinidad mediante XRD y la identificación de grupos funcionales por FTIR nos muestran bandas características de celulosa en fase cristalina y cómo se va perdiendo la parte amorfa de la paja sin tratamiento, volviéndose más cristalina al convertirse en celulosa y mayormente en microcelulosa; así como también la similitud que existe en las tres cultivares de dichos componentes y en cantidades semejantes. Las propiedades de resistencia del biocompuesto se vieron afectadas cuando las MFC´s se agregaron al ácido poliláctico

Le peuplement humain pendant le Pléistocène et l’Holocène dans la province de Jerada, Maroc oriental : introduction d’un projet de recherche

[EN] The Aïn Beni Mathar – Guefaït (ABM-GFT) region in Eastern Morocco is the object of an archaeological, palaeontological, geological and geochronological research project, led by an international team since 2006. The research in this former fluvio-lacustrine basin, roughly 2000 km2, has revealed a significant number of Pleistocene and Holocene sites. Here we introduce the research project, that we conduct in the region, the main issues it aims to address, and the results already obtained.[FR] Depuis 2006, la région de Aïn Beni Mathar – Guefaït (ABM-GFT) au Maroc Oriental, fait l’objet d’un projet de recherche en archéologie, paléontologie, géologie et géochronologie, mené par une équipe internationale. Ces recherches ont permis la découverte d’un nombre significatif de gisements d’âge Pléistocène et Holocène, dans un ancien bassin fluvio-lacustre, qui s’étend sur une surface de 2000 km2. Notre objectif ici est de présenter le projet de recherche, que nous entamons dans la région, la problématique qu’il traite et les premiers résultats déjà obtenus.Funding for this research was provided by: Palarq Foundation, Spanish Ministry of Culture and Sport (Ref: 42-T002018N0000042853 & 170-T002019N0000038589), Direction of Cultural Heritage (Ministry of Culture and Communication, Morocco), Faculty of Sciences (Mohamed 1r University of Oujda, Morocco), INSAP (Institut National des Sciences de l’Archéologie et du Patrimoine), Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (Ref: CGL2016-80975-P, CGL2016-80000-P, PGC2018-095489-B-I00 and PGC2018-093925-B-C31) and Research Groups Support of the Catalonia Government (2017 SGR 836 and 2017 SGR 859). R.S-R, M.G.CH., J.I.M., A.C., F.R., A.R.-H., E.A., I.E., F.B., J.A., HA.B., P.S., P.P., D.L., I.R. y E.M. research is funded by CERCA Programme/ Generalitat de Catalunya. J.I.M. and A.R.-H research is funded by the Spanish Minitry of Science and Innovation under the “María de Maeztu” Program for Unities of Excellence (CEX2019-000945-M). M.S. has been granted by the Research Program UAM Tomás y Valiente 2019. C.T. is funded by the Ramón y Cajal Program. M.F. and M.E.A. received a fellowship under the Erasmus Mundus Scholarship of the European Education and Culture Executive Agency in the Master in Quaternary and Prehistory at URV. The research of M.D. is funded by the Australian Research Council (ARC) Future Fellowship Grant FT150100215 and the Ramón y Cajal Program (RYC2018-025221-I). P.P. has been granted a post-doctoral post under the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation “Juan de la Cierva-Incorporación” Program (Ref. IJC2020-044108-I). E.M-R. is beneficiary of a PTA Ref. PTA201714619-I. G.G.-A. has been granted a “Ford - Apadrina la Ciencia” contract. C.D.-C has been granted a Fundación Atapuerca fellowship. A.C.A. was funded by Junta de Castilla y León (project BU235P18) and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF). The Institut Catalá de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social (IPHES-CERCA) has received financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation through the ‘María de Maeztu’ program for Units of Excellence (CEX2019-000945-M).Peer reviewe

Implicating genes, pleiotropy, and sexual dimorphism at blood lipid loci through multi-ancestry meta-analysis

Publisher Copyright: © 2022, The Author(s).Background: Genetic variants within nearly 1000 loci are known to contribute to modulation of blood lipid levels. However, the biological pathways underlying these associations are frequently unknown, limiting understanding of these findings and hindering downstream translational efforts such as drug target discovery. Results: To expand our understanding of the underlying biological pathways and mechanisms controlling blood lipid levels, we leverage a large multi-ancestry meta-analysis (N = 1,654,960) of blood lipids to prioritize putative causal genes for 2286 lipid associations using six gene prediction approaches. Using phenome-wide association (PheWAS) scans, we identify relationships of genetically predicted lipid levels to other diseases and conditions. We confirm known pleiotropic associations with cardiovascular phenotypes and determine novel associations, notably with cholelithiasis risk. We perform sex-stratified GWAS meta-analysis of lipid levels and show that 3–5% of autosomal lipid-associated loci demonstrate sex-biased effects. Finally, we report 21 novel lipid loci identified on the X chromosome. Many of the sex-biased autosomal and X chromosome lipid loci show pleiotropic associations with sex hormones, emphasizing the role of hormone regulation in lipid metabolism. Conclusions: Taken together, our findings provide insights into the biological mechanisms through which associated variants lead to altered lipid levels and potentially cardiovascular disease risk.Peer reviewe

Implicating genes, pleiotropy, and sexual dimorphism at blood lipid loci through multi-ancestry meta-analysis

Abstract Background Genetic variants within nearly 1000 loci are known to contribute to modulation of blood lipid levels. However, the biological pathways underlying these associations are frequently unknown, limiting understanding of these findings and hindering downstream translational efforts such as drug target discovery. Results To expand our understanding of the underlying biological pathways and mechanisms controlling blood lipid levels, we leverage a large multi-ancestry meta-analysis (N = 1,654,960) of blood lipids to prioritize putative causal genes for 2286 lipid associations using six gene prediction approaches. Using phenome-wide association (PheWAS) scans, we identify relationships of genetically predicted lipid levels to other diseases and conditions. We confirm known pleiotropic associations with cardiovascular phenotypes and determine novel associations, notably with cholelithiasis risk. We perform sex-stratified GWAS meta-analysis of lipid levels and show that 3–5% of autosomal lipid-associated loci demonstrate sex-biased effects. Finally, we report 21 novel lipid loci identified on the X chromosome. Many of the sex-biased autosomal and X chromosome lipid loci show pleiotropic associations with sex hormones, emphasizing the role of hormone regulation in lipid metabolism. Conclusions Taken together, our findings provide insights into the biological mechanisms through which associated variants lead to altered lipid levels and potentially cardiovascular disease risk

Implicating genes, pleiotropy, and sexual dimorphism at blood lipid loci through multi-ancestry meta-analysis

Funding GMP, PN, and CW are supported by NHLBI R01HL127564. GMP and PN are supported by R01HL142711. AG acknowledge support from the Wellcome Trust (201543/B/16/Z), European Union Seventh Framework Programme FP7/2007–2013 under grant agreement no. HEALTH-F2-2013–601456 (CVGenes@Target) & the TriPartite Immunometabolism Consortium [TrIC]-Novo Nordisk Foundation’s Grant number NNF15CC0018486. JMM is supported by American Diabetes Association Innovative and Clinical Translational Award 1–19-ICTS-068. SR was supported by the Academy of Finland Center of Excellence in Complex Disease Genetics (Grant No 312062), the Finnish Foundation for Cardiovascular Research, the Sigrid Juselius Foundation, and University of Helsinki HiLIFE Fellow and Grand Challenge grants. EW was supported by the Finnish innovation fund Sitra (EW) and Finska Läkaresällskapet. CNS was supported by American Heart Association Postdoctoral Fellowships 15POST24470131 and 17POST33650016. Charles N Rotimi is supported by Z01HG200362. Zhe Wang, Michael H Preuss, and Ruth JF Loos are supported by R01HL142302. NJT is a Wellcome Trust Investigator (202802/Z/16/Z), is the PI of the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (MRC & WT 217065/Z/19/Z), is supported by the University of Bristol NIHR Biomedical Research Centre (BRC-1215–2001) and the MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MC_UU_00011), and works within the CRUK Integrative Cancer Epidemiology Programme (C18281/A19169). Ruth E Mitchell is a member of the MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol funded by the MRC (MC_UU_00011/1). Simon Haworth is supported by the UK National Institute for Health Research Academic Clinical Fellowship. Paul S. de Vries was supported by American Heart Association grant number 18CDA34110116. Julia Ramierz acknowledges support by the People Programme of the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme grant n° 608765 and Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant n° 786833. Maria Sabater-Lleal is supported by a Miguel Servet contract from the ISCIII Spanish Health Institute (CP17/00142) and co-financed by the European Social Fund. Jian Yang is funded by the Westlake Education Foundation. Olga Giannakopoulou has received funding from the British Heart Foundation (BHF) (FS/14/66/3129). CHARGE Consortium cohorts were supported by R01HL105756. Study-specific acknowledgements are available in the Additional file 32: Supplementary Note. The views expressed in this manuscript are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; the National Institutes of Health; or the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Implicating genes, pleiotropy, and sexual dimorphism at blood lipid loci through multi-ancestry meta-analysis

Funding Information: GMP, PN, and CW are supported by NHLBI R01HL127564. GMP and PN are supported by R01HL142711. AG acknowledge support from the Wellcome Trust (201543/B/16/Z), European Union Seventh Framework Programme FP7/2007–2013 under grant agreement no. HEALTH-F2-2013–601456 (CVGenes@Target) & the TriPartite Immunometabolism Consortium [TrIC]-Novo Nordisk Foundation’s Grant number NNF15CC0018486. JMM is supported by American Diabetes Association Innovative and Clinical Translational Award 1–19-ICTS-068. SR was supported by the Academy of Finland Center of Excellence in Complex Disease Genetics (Grant No 312062), the Finnish Foundation for Cardiovascular Research, the Sigrid Juselius Foundation, and University of Helsinki HiLIFE Fellow and Grand Challenge grants. EW was supported by the Finnish innovation fund Sitra (EW) and Finska Läkaresällskapet. CNS was supported by American Heart Association Postdoctoral Fellowships 15POST24470131 and 17POST33650016. Charles N Rotimi is supported by Z01HG200362. Zhe Wang, Michael H Preuss, and Ruth JF Loos are supported by R01HL142302. NJT is a Wellcome Trust Investigator (202802/Z/16/Z), is the PI of the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (MRC & WT 217065/Z/19/Z), is supported by the University of Bristol NIHR Biomedical Research Centre (BRC-1215–2001) and the MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MC_UU_00011), and works within the CRUK Integrative Cancer Epidemiology Programme (C18281/A19169). Ruth E Mitchell is a member of the MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol funded by the MRC (MC_UU_00011/1). Simon Haworth is supported by the UK National Institute for Health Research Academic Clinical Fellowship. Paul S. de Vries was supported by American Heart Association grant number 18CDA34110116. Julia Ramierz acknowledges support by the People Programme of the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme grant n° 608765 and Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant n° 786833. Maria Sabater-Lleal is supported by a Miguel Servet contract from the ISCIII Spanish Health Institute (CP17/00142) and co-financed by the European Social Fund. Jian Yang is funded by the Westlake Education Foundation. Olga Giannakopoulou has received funding from the British Heart Foundation (BHF) (FS/14/66/3129). CHARGE Consortium cohorts were supported by R01HL105756. Study-specific acknowledgements are available in the Additional file : Supplementary Note. The views expressed in this manuscript are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; the National Institutes of Health; or the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Publisher Copyright: © 2022, The Author(s).Background: Genetic variants within nearly 1000 loci are known to contribute to modulation of blood lipid levels. However, the biological pathways underlying these associations are frequently unknown, limiting understanding of these findings and hindering downstream translational efforts such as drug target discovery. Results: To expand our understanding of the underlying biological pathways and mechanisms controlling blood lipid levels, we leverage a large multi-ancestry meta-analysis (N = 1,654,960) of blood lipids to prioritize putative causal genes for 2286 lipid associations using six gene prediction approaches. Using phenome-wide association (PheWAS) scans, we identify relationships of genetically predicted lipid levels to other diseases and conditions. We confirm known pleiotropic associations with cardiovascular phenotypes and determine novel associations, notably with cholelithiasis risk. We perform sex-stratified GWAS meta-analysis of lipid levels and show that 3–5% of autosomal lipid-associated loci demonstrate sex-biased effects. Finally, we report 21 novel lipid loci identified on the X chromosome. Many of the sex-biased autosomal and X chromosome lipid loci show pleiotropic associations with sex hormones, emphasizing the role of hormone regulation in lipid metabolism. Conclusions: Taken together, our findings provide insights into the biological mechanisms through which associated variants lead to altered lipid levels and potentially cardiovascular disease risk.Peer reviewe

Estado nutrimental del agroecosistema rosa (Rosa spp.) en la ladera este del Iztaccíhuatl

Aproximadamente 3000 ha se encuentran plantadas con rosas (Rosa spp.) en el estado de Puebla. El valor estimado generado por esta actividad es 625 millones de pesos y permite incorporar a la mujer a la economía regional. El uso de fertilización nitrogenada en rosa de corte, mayor a 7000 kg ha-1, es excesiva y afecta la salud del suelo y la economía de los productores. Los objetivos del trabajo fueron: (1) evaluar el estado actual de la fertilidad de los suelos en la zona de producción de rosa del DDR 05 San Martín Texmelucan y (2) estudiar el efecto del aporte de tres fuentes de materia orgánica en la producción, calidad y estado nutrimental de tres variedades de rosas, así como en la condición física de los suelos. Para ello se evaluaron algunas propiedades químicas en muestras de suelo de 112 invernaderos localizados en cuatro unidades edafoclimáticas. Se usaron tres tipos de materia orgánica (MO): compost comercial, estiércol de bovino y gallinaza y tres variedades de rosa: Anastasia, Selena y Latin. El diseño fue completamente al azar modificado y se realizaron análisis de varianza y comparaciones de medias. Los suelos presentaron condiciones de fertilidad contrastantes. La gallinaza aumentó el rendimiento en la variedad Anastasia y el compost en la variedad Selena. La calidad de las tres variedades de rosas aumentó con el aporte de las tres fuentes de MO a los tres meses, pero disminuyó a los nueve meses. Las tres fuentes de MO aportaron niveles similares de macroelementos a la planta y mejoraron la condición física del suelo al aumentar el porcentaje de macroagregados en todos los tratamientos. El mayor porcentaje de macroagregados se obtuvo por la adición de compost en los suelos con las variedades Anastasia y Selena. Los suelos de los invernaderos del agrosistema rosa (Rosa spp.) presentaron características químicas y condiciones de fertilidad contrastantes, producto de una variabilidad edafoclimática. Las fuentes de materia orgánica usadas tuvieron efecto en el rendimiento y la calidad de las rosas; así como en el porcentaje de macroagregados lo que mejoró la condición física del suelo

Mapping adaptive capacity and smallholder agriculture: applying expert knowledge at the landscape scale

The impacts of climate change exacerbate the myriad challenges faced by smallholder farmers in the Tropics. In many of these same regions, there is a lack of current, consistent, and spatially-explicit data, which severely limits the ability to locate smallholder communities, map their adaptive capacity, and target adaptation measures to these communities. To explore the adaptive capacity of smallholder farmers in three data-poor countries in Central America, we leveraged expert input through in-depth mapping interviews to locate agricultural landscapes, identify smallholder farming systems within them, and characterize different components of farmer adaptive capacity. We also used this input to generate an index of adaptive capacity that allows for comparison across countries and farming systems. Here, we present an overview of the expert method used, followed by an examination of our results, including the intercountry variation in expert knowledge and the characterization of adaptive capacity for both subsistence and smallholder coffee farmers. While this approach does not replace the need to collect regular and consistent data on farming systems (e.g. agricultural census), our study demonstrates a rapid assessment approach for using expert input to fill key data gaps, enable trans-boundary comparisons, and to facilitate the identification of the most vulnerable smallholder communities for adaptation planning in data-poor environments that are typical of tropical regions. One potential benefit from incorporating this approach is that it facilitates the systematic consideration of field-based and regional experience into assessments of adaptive capacity, contributing to the relevance and utility of adaptation plans