¿Egocentrismo o altruismo en la adolescencia? Un estudio empírico sobre los estudiantes de colegios Waldorf, cristianos y públicos

Este artículo presenta una síntesis de un estudio sobre los posicionamientos egocéntricos en la adolescencia realizado en tres contextos escolares diferentes. El análisis permitió determinar que el posicionamiento egocéntrico puede ser mejor determinado a través de dos predictores: el sentido del propio bienestar (eudemonismo) y la convicción de que “la lástima ajena previene tomar iniciativas propias”. Estos dos factores fueron correlacionados con la satisfacción del contexto escolar específico, la orientación espiritual y la idea de ayudar a otros. Los posicionamientos y los ideales éticos difieren entre los estudiantes de los tres contextos escolares: colegios Waldorf, colegios cristianos y colegios estatales. Los resultados confirman que la tendencia egocéntrica fue significativamente inferior en el grupo femenino de adolescentes. Este artículo invita a reflexionar sobre el papel que juega el contexto escolar en el proceso de desarrollo de la etapa adolescente a la adulta de los estudiantes. Palabras clave: egocentrismo; adolescencia; altruismo; Rudolf Steiner

Evaluation of flyover auralisations of today's and future long-range aircraft concepts

The European research project ARTEM (Aircraft noise Reduction Technologies and related Environmental iMpact) develops innovative aircraft noise reduction technologies such as advanced engine fan lining, metamaterials and low-noise high-lift systems applied to a vehicle with enhanced shielding of the engine noise, namely, a blended wing body. Using aircraft flyover auralisation in laboratory listening experiments, such future technologies can be evaluated with respect to human sound perception. To assess the reliability of such perception-based evaluations, the simulation should be validated with existing aircraft flyovers. This contribution presents a systematic and rigorous hierarchical validation of auralisations of current jet aircraft using field recordings. Uncertainty in the source modelling is considered by using two different prediction tools for partial sound sources. In addition to comparing computed noise indicators, a psychoacoustic validation is done in laboratory listening experiments with a 3D loudspeaker array. The validation comprises three levels: direct comparison of auralisations with recordings to study the identifiability of auralisations, ranking of auralisations and recordings regarding plausibility, and subjective annoyance ratings to test whether auralisations and recordings differ with respect to noise effects. Further, first results on the comparison of a future concept with a current aircraft are presented

Perception-based noise assessment of a future blended wing body aircraft concept using synthesized flyovers in an acoustic VR environment—The ARTEM study

New aircraft concepts are currently being developed with the goal of less emissions of CO2 and noise. Remarkable noise reductions in long-range aircraft can only be expected from disruptive vehicle designs, new propulsion systems and specific low-noise technologies. In this paper, one such future vehicle design, a blended wing body (BWB) long-range aircraft, is described and studied with respect to sound levels on the ground, sound characteristics and noise annoyance. Virtual flyovers of different vehicle variants were synthesized and auralized in an acoustic VR environment, and investigated through psychoacoustic laboratory experiments. The applied methodology was successfully hierarchically validated by comparison with measurements of existing jet aircraft, assessing acoustical indices, time-frequency features, perceived plausibility, and induced noise annoyance. The perception-based evaluation of the BWB revealed that, while the BWB aircraft may initially be perceived as somewhat more unfamiliar, they are substantially less annoying than current tube-and-wing long-range aircraft of similar range and mission for take-offs as well as for landings. For the best BWB variant, noise annoyance was reduced by 4.3 units for departures and by 3.5 units for approaches on the 11-point scale. The main reason for these findings seems to be the acoustic shielding by the body of the extended fuselage, which was found to be an important factor in reducing sound levels in the order of 10–20 dB, and accordingly also to strongly reduce loudness. Additional low noise technologies and geared turbofan engines with a high bypass ratio further contributed to the reduction of noise annoyance of the BWB. A large part of the BWBs benefit could be explained by its lower sound levels, but additional benefits were found. The observed reduction in noise annoyance was found to be larger than what can be explained with conventional noise metrics. This benefit is probably due to more favorable sound characteristics compared to today's reference aircraft, such as less variation in time and less audible tones. The current study thus suggests that the studied BWB vehicle concept may substantially reduce noise annoyance on humans

Quantifying Information Leakage of Randomized Protocols

International audienceThe quantification of information leakage provides a quantitative evaluation of the security of a system. We propose the usage of Markovian processes to model and analyze the information leakage of deterministic and probabilistic systems. We show that this method generalizes the lattice of information approach and is a natural framework for modeling refined attackers capable to observe the internal behavior of the system. We also use our method to obtain an algorithm for the computation of channel capacity from our Markovian models. Finally, we show how to use the method to analyze timed and non-timed attacks on the Onion Routing protocol

Consideraciones clínicas para fonoaudiólogos en el tratamiento de personas con COVID-19 y traqueostomía. Parte I: Deglución

At the time of writing this article, more than a million people have been affected by the SARS-CoV-2 virus in Chile, displaying different degrees of COVID-19 disease. Severe infections generate a condition that requires invasive ventilatory support and treatment in intensive care units, which, when extended in time, makes necessary conducting a tracheostomy. Despite its benefits for the recovery of patients with respiratory difficulties, it is linked to swallowing disorders that add to the problems generated by COVID-19. This represents a challenge for speech pathologists, who are potentially exposed to the virus because they work on structures of the aerodigestive tract and becuase they conduct procedures that may be aerosol-generating. The aim of this article is to provide guidance and clinical tools for swallowing-intervention in people with tracheostomies and COVID-19. Thees tools spring from a pragmatic analysis of the currently available evidence , interpreted based on our experience of caring more than 561 infected patients. We hope to contribute to the rehabilitation of swallowing of patients with COVID-19 and a tracheostomy. The characteristics of swallowing in this population, its treatment, considerations for the use of specific techniques, and guidelines for improving the quality of life through the maintenance and/or recovery of swallowing functionality are discussed, focused caring and protecting hospitalized patients and the health team.A la fecha de redacción de este artículo, más de 500 mil personas han sido afectadas por el virus SARS-CoV-2 en Chile, manifestando diferentes grados de la enfermedad COVID-19. Aquellas que sobrellevan condiciones más severas generan una condición que requiere soporte ventilatorio invasivo y tratamiento en unidades de cuidados intensivos, que de prolongarse en el tiempo deriva en la necesidad de una traqueostomía. A pesar de los beneficios que posee esta en la recuperación de personas con dificultades respiratorias, su implementación se asocia a alteraciones deglutorias que se suman a las generadas por COVID-19. Condición que supone un desafío para los/as fonoaudiólogos/as, quienes están expuestos/as al virus debido a su proceder en estructuras del tracto aerodigestivo y la realización de procedimientos potencialmente generadores de aerosol. El objetivo de este artículo es entregar orientaciones y herramientas clínicas para la intervención en la deglución de personas con traqueostomía y COVID-19. Estas emanan de un análisis pragmático de la evidencia disponible a la fecha, interpretadas bajo nuestra experiencia de atender a más de 561 personas con dicha condición. Se espera contribuir a la rehabilitación de la deglución en personas con COVID-19 y traqueostomía. Para ello se expone sobre las características de la deglución en esta población, su tratamiento, consideraciones para el uso de técnicas específicas, y orientaciones para la mejora de la calidad de vida mediante la mantención y/o recuperación de la funcionalidad deglutoria. Siempre bajo un esquema centrado en el cuidado y protección de las personas hospitalizadas y el equipo de salud

Consideraciones clínicas para fonoaudiólogos en el tratamiento de personas con COVID-19 y traqueostomía. Parte II: Mejorando la fonación para facilitar la comunicación

The COVID-19 disease was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization. When most severe, it generates a condition that requires treatment in intensive care units, which, when extended in time, requires implementing of a tracheostomy to facilitate invasive ventilatory support. Although ventilatory support has important advantages that favor recovery and rehabilitation, it generates various complications for patients’ communication, a condition that adds to the effects of COVID-19 and the frequent history of previous endotracheal intubation. The aim of this article is to provide guidance and clinical tools for the treatment of phonation to facilitate communication in people with tracheostomy and COVID-19. For this, the recommendations of the existing available literature are considered, under a pragmatic analysis and based on our experience of treating more than 561 infected patients. The characteristics of communication in this population, its treatment, considerations for the use of specific techniques and guidelines to improve quality of life are exposed. Always with an approach oriented to the care and protection of users and the health team, in particular speech-language pathologists in the country.La enfermedad COVID-19 fue declarada pandemia por la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Su presentación más severa genera una condición que requiere tratamiento en unidades de cuidados intensivos, condición que al prolongarse en el tiempo requiere la implementación de una traqueostomía para facilitar la entrega de soporte ventilatorio invasivo. Si bien este dispositivo posee importantes ventajas que favorecen la recuperación y rehabilitación, también es cierto que genera diversas complicaciones en la comunicación de las personas, condición que se suma a los efectos propios del COVID-19 y la frecuente historia de intubación endotraqueal previa. El objetivo de este artículo es proveer orientaciones y herramientas clínicas para el tratamiento de la fonación para la comunicación en personas con traqueostomía y COVID-19. Se considera para ello las recomendaciones de la literatura existentes a la fecha, bajo un análisis pragmático y basado en nuestra experiencia de atender a más de 561 personas con esta condición. Se exponen las características de la comunicación en esta población, su tratamiento, consideraciones para el uso de técnicas específicas y orientaciones para la mejora de la calidad de vida. Siempre con un enfoque orientado al cuidado y protección de las/os usuarias/os y el equipo de salud, en particular fonoaudiólogas y fonoaudiólogos del país

Auralizations of Current and Future Aircraft Concepts

The noise of the four flyovers in this video are purely synthetic sound - so called auralizations. In the Horizon 2020 research project ARTEM (Aircraft noise Reduction Technologies and related Environmental iMpact: https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/769350) funded by the European Union, these four presented and 40 more auralizations were used in a psychoacoustic laboratory experiment, conducted at Empa Dübendorf, to investigate the noise annoyance to aircraft flyovers of a future aircraft design compared to a current commercial aircraft. [1] R. Pieren, I. LeGriffon, L. Bertsch, A. Heusser, F. Centracchio, D. Weinstraub, C. Lavandier, and B. Schäffer, "Perception-based noise assessment of a future blended wing body aircraft concept using synthesized flyovers in an acoustic VR environment – the ARTEM study", submitted [2] B. Schäffer, L. Bertsch, I. Le Griffon, A. Heusser, C. Lavandier, and R. Pieren, “Evaluation of flyover auralizations of today's and future long-range aircraft concepts“, International Congress and Exposition on Noise Control Engineering (InterNoise), Glasgow, 21-24 August 2022. [3] R. Pieren and D. Lincke, “Auralization of aircraft flyovers with turbulence-induced coherence loss in ground effect”, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., vol. 151, no. 4, pp. 2453-2460, 2022. [4] R. Pieren, L. Bertsch, D. Lauper, and B. Schäffer, “Improving future low-noise aircraft technologies using experimental perception-based evaluation of synthetic flyovers”, Sci. Total Environ., vol. 692, pp. 68-81, 2019

Sympathetic vasoconstrictor activity before and after left ventricular assist device implantation in patients with end-stage heart failure

Aims Sympathetic overactivity, which predicts poor outcome in patients with heart failure, normalizes following cardiac transplantation. We tested the hypothesis that haemodynamic improvement following left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation is also associated with reductions in centrally generated sympathetic activity. Methods and results In eight patients with heart failure (two women, six men, age 44-66 years), we continuously recorded electrocardiogram, beat-to-beat finger blood pressure, respiration, and muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) before and after implantation of the continuous-flow LVAD devices HeartWare HVAD (n = 4) and HeartMate II (n = 2), and the non-continuous-flow device HeartMate 3 (n = 2). LVAD implantation increased cardiac output by 1.29 +/- 0.88 L/min (P = 0.060) and mean arterial pressure by 16.2 +/- 7.9mmHg (P < 0.001), while reducing pulse pressure by 25.3 +/- 9.8mmHg (P < 0.001). LVAD implantation did not change MSNA burst frequency (-1.3 +/- 7.5 bursts/min, P = 0.636), total activity (+0.62 +/- 1.83 au, P = 0.369), or normalized activity (+0.63 +/- 4.23, P = 0.685). MSNA burst incidence was decreased (-7.8 +/- 9.3 bursts/100 heart beats, P = 0.049). However, cardiac ectopy altered MSNA bursting patterns that could be mistaken for sympatholysis. Conclusion Implantation of current design LVAD does not consistently normalize sympathetic activity in patients with end-stage heart failure despite haemodynamic improvement

A 20-year evolution of cardiac performance in microgravity in a male astronaut (January, 10.1007/s10286-019-00657-1, 2020)

Unfortunately, the first name of 8th author was incorrectly published in the original publication