Attempt for Explanation of Declining Labor Force Participation of Women in Turkey through Test of Under-Participation Trap Hypothesis, Applied on Microfinance Survey Data

Labor markets of Turkey are characterized by low female labor force participation when compared with the OECD, neighbour states and EU averages. Besides, the female labor force participation exhibits an unexplained and suprising declining trend in the last decades. The paper attemps to illuminate the phenomenon searching for contingencies in data presented by working women in a microfinance clientele survey in suburban Ankara, especially focusing on status and family related interrelationships that could provide explanation for the low relative number of working women in labor markets of Turkey, testing the Under-participation trap hypothesi

Socio-Economic Profile of Village Bank Member in Suburban Ankara: Microcredit Mannequin and Assumptions on Microfinance Market of Turkey

Turkey harbours one of the greatest untapped microfinance markets in the world. Despite its enormous dormant potential, few studies were undertaken in order to potrait the socio-economic character of its main protagonist: enterprising mother operating in the suburbs of urban and semi-urban environment. The study summarizes result of field research carried out by team of researchers from Czech University of Life Sciences and models a credit mannequin, profiling the average Turkish microfinance client in suburban areas of Central Anatolia. The assemblage enables to depict genuine relationships of mainstream clientele towards selected topics, reaching better understanding of nature and particularities of the Turkish microfinance market and drawing conclusions on its further development

Socio-economic profile of village bank member in suburban Ankara: microcredit mannequin and assumptions on microfinance market of Turkey

ABSTRACT Turkey harbours one of the greatest untapped microfinance markets in the world. Despite its enormous dormant potential, few studies were undertaken in order to potrait the socio-economic character of its main protagonist: enterprising mother operating in the suburbs of urban and semiurban environment. The study summarizes result of field research carried out by team of researchers from Czech University of Life Sciences and models a credit mannequin, profiling the average Turkish microfinance client in suburban areas of Central Anatolia. The assemblage enables to depict genuine relationships of mainstream clientele towards selected topics, reaching better understanding of nature and particularities of the Turkish microfinance market and drawing conclusions on its further development

Reduction of global development cost caused by microfinance inefficiencies

The purpose of the paper is to quantify the annual financial losses incurred owing to the lack of global coordination in the international microfinance investment sector, leading to inefficiencies. This paper attempts to examine the scale of idle potentials on the basis of available international investment flow statistics and proposes innovative instruments, arched over in the Global Microfinance Financing Authority (GMFA). As several dramatic inefficiencies are taking place, forming of the proposed body would prevent substantial annual losses, at present absorbed by the clients, raising the cost of capital for the poor.microfinance; funding; inefficiency; coordination; FX risk; guarantee; credit bureau; e-finance; centralisation; development; annual financial losses; electronic finance; international investment flow; foreign exchange; poverty.

PROPOSAL FOR STRATEGIES TO BUILD MISSING FOUNDATIONS OF THE CURRENT MICROFINANCE INDUSTRY

As microfinance approaches the status of mainstream asset class, it inevitably starts to entice Socially Responsible Investment. However, precoscious capital inflow can be detrimental to all players involved. The industry is unprepared for global SRI arena. The gap between different microfinance concepts is widening, while identic terms are being used to describe different contents. The term „microfinance“ continues losing its informative value as divergent development foments nomenclative disorder. Microfinance is becoming too varied to be presented under a single term. MIVs, States and multilateral institutions must therefore in a concerted action impose basis of unified definitions, methodologies and coordinates, otherwise different concepts might mislead international public. The lack of standartized set of definitions, social impact reporting, bankruptcy procedures and evaluation infrastructure, while overstating development benefits can discredit microfinance, once SRI systems open their gates

Predictive factors for non-sentinel lymph nodes affection in breast carcinoma--outcomes of a Czech multicenter study of sentinel lymph nodes

The aim of the study was to assess positivity nonsentinel lymph nodes in patients with macro, micro and submicrometastases in sentinel lymph nodes and find predictive factors of positivity nonsentinel lymph nodes. Study was conducted at the Department of Surgery in Pardubice, Pilsen, Ostrava and Zlín. Sentinel lymph nodes were assessed based on standards of Czech Pathological Society. Detection of sentinel lymph nodes was performed based on radionavigation or combination of radionavigation and blue dye method. In group N1 (macrometastases) there was found positivity of nonsentinel lymph nodes in 50% (45 from 90 patients). In group N1 Mi (micrometastases) there was found positivity of nonsentinel lymph nodes in 26.7% (16 from 60 patients). In group NO I+ (sub-micrometastases) there was found positivity of nonsentinel lymph nodes in 6.7% (1 from 15 patients). Predictive factors were size of metastasis, number of positive sentinel lymph nodes and grading. Size of tumor was not found to be a predictive factor of positivity nonsentinel lymph nodes. High positivity of nonsentinel lymph nodes in pacients with macro and micrometastases in sentinel lymph nodes advocates to perform axillary lymph nodes dissection. Due to small number of patients with submicrometastases it is not possible to assess if axillary dissection is necessary or not. Predictive factors of positivity of nonsentinel lymph nodes are size of metastasis in sentinel lymph nodes, number of positive sentinel lymph nodes and grading. Size of tumor was not found to be a predictive factor due to small tumors in the study. In spite of this it is necessary to consider it like a predictive factor of positivity nonsentinel lymph nodes. In patients with macro and micrometastases it is necessary to perform axillary dissection. In patients with submicrometastases in sentinel lymph nodes it is necessary to consider predictive factors

Predictive factors for non-sentinel lymph nodes affection in breast carcinoma--outcomes of a Czech multicenter study of sentinel lymph nodes

The aim of the study was to assess positivity nonsentinel lymph nodes in patients with macro, micro and submicrometastases in sentinel lymph nodes and find predictive factors of positivity nonsentinel lymph nodes. Study was conducted at the Department of Surgery in Pardubice, Pilsen, Ostrava and Zlín. Sentinel lymph nodes were assessed based on standards of Czech Pathological Society. Detection of sentinel lymph nodes was performed based on radionavigation or combination of radionavigation and blue dye method. In group N1 (macrometastases) there was found positivity of nonsentinel lymph nodes in 50% (45 from 90 patients). In group N1 Mi (micrometastases) there was found positivity of nonsentinel lymph nodes in 26.7% (16 from 60 patients). In group NO I+ (sub-micrometastases) there was found positivity of nonsentinel lymph nodes in 6.7% (1 from 15 patients). Predictive factors were size of metastasis, number of positive sentinel lymph nodes and grading. Size of tumor was not found to be a predictive factor of positivity nonsentinel lymph nodes. High positivity of nonsentinel lymph nodes in pacients with macro and micrometastases in sentinel lymph nodes advocates to perform axillary lymph nodes dissection. Due to small number of patients with submicrometastases it is not possible to assess if axillary dissection is necessary or not. Predictive factors of positivity of nonsentinel lymph nodes are size of metastasis in sentinel lymph nodes, number of positive sentinel lymph nodes and grading. Size of tumor was not found to be a predictive factor due to small tumors in the study. In spite of this it is necessary to consider it like a predictive factor of positivity nonsentinel lymph nodes. In patients with macro and micrometastases it is necessary to perform axillary dissection. In patients with submicrometastases in sentinel lymph nodes it is necessary to consider predictive factors

MAX mutations cause hereditary and sporadic pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma

Item does not contain fulltextPURPOSE: Pheochromocytomas (PCC) and paragangliomas (PGL) are genetically heterogeneous neural crest-derived neoplasms. Recently we identified germline mutations in a new tumor suppressor susceptibility gene, MAX (MYC-associated factor X), which predisposes carriers to PCC. How MAX mutations contribute to PCC/PGL and associated phenotypes remain unclear. This study aimed to examine the prevalence and associated phenotypic features of germline and somatic MAX mutations in PCC/PGL. Design: We sequenced MAX in 1,694 patients with PCC or PGL (without mutations in other major susceptibility genes) from 17 independent referral centers. We screened for large deletions/duplications in 1,535 patients using a multiplex PCR-based method. Somatic mutations were searched for in tumors from an additional 245 patients. The frequency and type of MAX mutation was assessed overall and by clinical characteristics. RESULTS: Sixteen MAX pathogenic mutations were identified in 23 index patients. All had adrenal tumors, including 13 bilateral or multiple PCCs within the same gland (P < 0.001), 15.8% developed additional tumors at thoracoabdominal sites, and 37% had familial antecedents. Age at diagnosis was lower (P = 0.001) in MAX mutation carriers compared with nonmutated cases. Two patients (10.5%) developed metastatic disease. A mutation affecting MAX was found in five tumors, four of them confirmed as somatic (1.65%). MAX tumors were characterized by substantial increases in normetanephrine, associated with normal or minor increases in metanephrine. CONCLUSIONS: Germline mutations in MAX are responsible for 1.12% of PCC/PGL in patients without evidence of other known mutations and should be considered in the genetic work-up of these patients