Explorando as Situações de Aprendizagem dos “Cadernos do Professor e do Aluno” da Rede de Ensino Público Estadual de São Paulo: a abordagem CTSA

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Dissecção aguda de aorta: fisiopatologia, manifestações clínicas e manejo terapêutico / Acute aorta dissection: pathophysiology, clinical manifestations and therapeutic management

A dissecção de aorta se baseia em uma patologia onde a parede interna do vaso é exposta ao lúmen em virtude de vários fatores de risco, como: hipertensão, alterações cardiovasculares e malformações de valva aórtica. Tal exposição se deve, mediante achados histológicos ao longo do processo de cisalhamento da artéria, à degradação da matriz extracelular envolvendo depleção de células musculares lisas bem como a fragmentação de fibras elásticas e degradação de colágeno. Somado a esta sequência de eventos, o processo inflamatório desencadeado auxilia na liberação de substâncias pró-inflamatórias que resultam na destruição do vaso sanguíneo, comprometendo  as estruturas colágenas e o consumo da elastina. Embora a radiografia e o ecocardiograma apresentem uma baixa sensibilidade e especificidade na apresentação da dissecção, estes exames são a primeira abordagem em um paciente com suspeita, além de serem os mais práticos e mais baratos. No entanto, o grau de acurácia da tomografia computadorizada permite a avaliação minuciosa da afecção. Dessa forma, para reparar o rompimento da íntima e média, em alguns casos até a adventícia, é necessário a administração de cardioprotetores, hipotensores e cirurgia com o objetivo de restaurar a complacência arterial, sobretudo no ponto de descontinuidade da camada do vaso no segmento acometido

Improved tree height estimation of secondary forests in the Brazilian Amazon

This paper presents a novel approach for estimating the height of individual trees in secondary forests at two study sites: Manaus (central Amazon) and Santarém (eastern Amazon) in the Brazilian Amazon region. The approach consists of adjusting tree height-diameter at breast height (H:DBH) models in each study site by ecological species groups: pioneers, early secondary, and late secondary. Overall, the DBH and corresponding height (H) of 1,178 individual trees were measured during two field campaigns: August 2014 in Manaus and September 2015 in Santarém. We tested the five most commonly used log-linear and nonlinear H:DBH models, as determined by the available literature. The hyperbolic model: H = a.DBH/(b+DBH) was found to present the best fit when evaluated using validation data. Significant differences in the fitted parameters were found between pioneer and secondary species from Manaus and Santarém by F-test, meaning that site-specific and also ecological-group H:DBH models should be used to more accurately predict H as a function of DBH. This novel approach provides specific equations to estimate height of secondary forest trees for particular sites and ecological species groups. The presented set of equations will allow better biomass and carbon stock estimates in secondary forests of the Brazilian Amazon

Diffusion of eugenol in rice

O uso de bioinseticidas, como os óleos essenciais e seus compostos, no manejo integrado de pragas tem sido efetivamente avaliado nos últimos anos. Entretanto, poucos trabalhos avaliaram a difusão desses compostos na massa de grãos. Com a difusão destes compostos, é necessário avaliar o seu efeito inseticida quando aplicados em uma massa de grãos. O objetivo desse trabalho foi determinar o coeficiente de difusão do eugenol em meio contendo grãos de arroz com casca a partir da fase líquida de eugenol com elevada pureza e a partir do óleo essencial de cravo (Eugenia caryophillata Thumberg (Myrtaceae)); caracterizar as fases líquida, volátil e após a difusão; avaliar a mortalidade de Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: curculionidae) após fumigação com eugenol com elevada pureza e óleo essencial de cravo. Otimizou-se e validou-se o método de microextração em fase sólida (MEFS) associado à análise em cromatógrafo a gás com detector por ionização em chama (CG/DIC) para quantificação do eugenol. A determinação do coeficiente de difusão foi realizada em uma adaptação do protótipo da célula de diafragma de Stokes. Para caracterização das diferentes fases, associou-se a técnica de MEFS à análise em cromatógrafo à gás acoplado a espectrômetro de massas (CG-EM). A mortalidade de S. zeamais foi avaliada após fumigação por 4 e 7 dias com eugenol com elevada pureza e óleo essencial de cravo no protótipo de difusão com aproximadamente 5,5 kg de grãos. O método MEFS – CG/DIC para quantificação do eugenol apresentou boa resposta analítica, com limite de detecção e quantificação de 0,82 e 2,48 μL L -1 , respectivamente. Não houve diferença estatística (α = 0,05) entre o coeficiente de difusão do eugenol calculado a partir do eugenol 99% e a partir do óleo essencial de cravo. O coeficiente de difusão foi de 1,09 x 10 -3 cm 2 s -1 . A caracterização do óleo essencial de cravo utilizado confirmou a presença do eugenol como componente majoritário (75,89%). Observou-se uma diferença na composição das diferentes fases avaliadas. A mortalidade de S. zeamais submetido à fumigação com eugenol 99% alcançou em torno de 40% após 7 dias. Apesar de haver diferença significativa na mortalidade dos insetos submetidos à fumigação com eugenol 99% ou óleo essencial de cravo, não houve diferença estatística entre a mortalidade de insetos colocados em diferentes posições ao longo da coluna de grãos para o mesmo tratamento.The use of biopesticides, like essential oils and their compounds, in integrated pest management has been effectively evaluated in recent years. However, few studies have evaluated the diffusive behavior of these compounds through the grains. Given the diffusion of these compounds, it is necessary to reassess their insecticidal effect when applied in grains. This work aimed to determine the diffusion coefficient of eugenol through rice grains using the liquid phase as high purity eugenol or clove essential oil (Eugenia caryophillata Thumberg (Myrtaceae)) as source of volatile eugenol; characterize the liquid, volatile, and after diffusion phases; to evaluate the mortality of Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: curculionidae) after fumigation with high purity eugenol and clove essential oil. To quantify eugenol, the solid phase micro extraction (SPME) method associated to gas chromatographic analysis with flame ionization detector (GC/FID) was optimized and validated. The determination of the diffusion coefficient was performed in an adaptation of the Stokes diaphragm cell’s prototype. To characterize the different phases, the optimized and validated SPME method was associated to the analysis in gas chromatograph coupled to mass spectrometer (GC-MS). The mortality of S. zeamais was evaluated after fumigation for 4 and 7 days with high purity eugenol and clove essential oil in the diffusion prototype with approximately 5.5 kg of grains. The SPME - GC/FID method presented good analytical response for quantification of eugenol, with limit of detection and quantification of 0.82 and 2.48 μL L -1 , respectively. There was no statistical difference (α = 0.05) between the diffusion coefficient of eugenol calculated from eugenol 99% and from clove essential oil. The diffusion coefficient was 1.09 x 10 -3 cm 2 s -1 . The characterization of clove essential oil confirmed the presence of eugenol as the major component (75.89%). A difference in the composition of the distinct phases evaluated was observed. Mortality of S. zeamais submitted to fumigation with eugenol 99% reached around 40% after 7 days. Although there was a significant difference in the mortality of insects submitted to fumigation with eugenol 99% or clove essential oil, there was no statistical difference between the mortality of the insects placed at distinct positions along the grain column for the same treatment

Behavioral and physiological responses induced by ozone in five Brazilian populations of Rhyzopertha dominica

This study evaluated locomotory and respiratory responses induced by ozone at a concentration of 500 ppm in five Brazilian populations of Rhyzopertha dominica (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae). Toxicity and body mass were also assessed to establish their relationship with behavioral patterns. The results indicated that none of the evaluated populations of Rhyzopertha dominica showed resistance to ozone. No significant correlations were observed between ozone toxicity and locomotory behavioral patterns. Moreover, no significant correlations were found between ozone toxicity and the respiratory rate of Rhyzopertha dominica. Ozone is a potential alternative for phosphine resistance management, and its rapid degradation constitutes an advantage for the environment

Insecticidal activity of Vanillosmopsis arborea essential oil and of its major constituent α-bisabolol against Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Abstract Vigna unguiculata, one of the most important legumes, mainly in underdeveloped countries, is susceptible to post-harvest losses in storage by Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius, 1775) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). The work evaluated the toxicity, inhibition of oviposition, instantaneous rate of population growth (ri) and the development of fumigated C. maculatus with the essential oil of Vanillosmopsis arborea and its major constituent, α-bisabolol. The experimental units consisted of 0.8 L flasks treated with concentrations of 1.2–11.2 μL L−1 of air of the essential oil of V. arborea or its major constituent applied to disks of filter paper. α-Bisabolol was quantified as 409.33 mL L−1 of the essential oil. The development rate of C. maculatus was evaluated by daily adult counts. Oviposition was evaluated at lethal concentrations (LC50, LC25, LC10 and LC1). The LC50 and LC95 of the essential oil of V. arborea and α-bisabolol were 5.23 and 12.97 μL L−1 of air and 2.47 and 8.82 μL L−1 of air, respectively. At some concentrations, the α-bisabolol was more toxic to males than to females of the insect. Increased concentrations of the essential oil reduced the ri, rate of development, oviposition, and number of eggs of C. maculatus and therefore have potential for pest control

Difenoconazole and linuron dissipation kinetics in carrots under open-field conditions

The dissipation of difenoconazole and linuron using an open-field experimental approach with carrots exposed to one-, two- and fivefold the recommended dose of the pesticides was evaluated to provide safe recommendation to ensure food safety of carrots. The pesticide residue analysis was performed with solid-liquid extraction with low temperature partitioning technique (SLE/LTP) followed by gas chromatography analysis. The recovery percentages of extracts obtained from samples of carrot passed through SLE/LTP extraction and fortified with difenoconazole and linuron pesticides varied from 93.4% to 106.3% and from 95.1% to 116.6%, respectively. The limit of detection for difenoconazole was 0.02 and 0.12 mg kg−1 for linuron. The limit of quantification for difenoconazole was 0.05 and 0.36 mg kg−1 for linuron. The degradation time for fifty percent of the applied pesticide at the different doses ranged from 2.4 to 3.6 days for difenoconazole and from 7.5 to 10.5 days for linuron. At the end of the pre-harvest interval, carrots treated with fivefold the recommended dose of both pesticides were considered unfit for consumption. Despite monitoring the degradation products of the applied pesticides by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometer, none degradation product was identified on the carrots

Degradation kinetics of pirimiphos-methyl residues in maize grains exposed to ozone gas

This work investigates the kinetics of degradation of pirimiphos-methyl residues in maize grains exposed to ozone gas and evaluates the effect of ozonation on grain quality. The assays employed maize grains treated with the insecticide, namely Actellic 500 CE® (pirimiphos-methyl), which were exposed for different periods to ozone gas at a concentration of 0.86 mg L−1, provided at a continuous flow rate of 1.0 L min−1. The insecticide residues were extracted from the grains using solid-liquid extraction with low temperature partitioning. The extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography with electron capture detection. Ozone effectively degraded more than 91% of the pirimiphos-methyl residues, with the degradation efficiency increasing in direct proportion to the duration of exposure to the gas. A first order kinetic model provided the best fit to the degradation data. The use of ozone gas did not alter the qualitative characteristics of the maize

Method Validation and Evaluation of Safrole Persistence in Cowpea Beans Using Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction and Gas Chromatography

Bioinsecticides are regarded as important alternatives for controlling agricultural pests. However, few studies have determined the persistence of these compounds in stored grains. This study aimed at optimizing and validating a fast and effective method for extraction and quantification of residues of safrole (the main component of Piper hispidinervum essential oil) in cowpea beans. It also sought to assess the persistence of this substance in the grains treated by contact and fumigation. The proposed method used headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector (GC/FID). Factors such as temperature, extraction time and type of fiber were assessed to maximize the performance of the extraction technique. The performance of the method was appraised via the parameters selectivity, linearity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), precision, and accuracy. The LOD and LOQ of safrole were 0.0057 and 0.019 μg kg−1, respectively and the determination coefficient (R2) was >0.99. The relative recovery ranged from 99.26 to 104.85, with a coefficient of variation <15%. The validated method was applied to assess the persistence of safrole residue in grains, where concentrations ranged from 1.095 to 0.052 µg kg−1 (contact) and from 2.16 to 0.12 µg kg −1 (fumigation). The levels measured up from the fifth day represented less than 1% of the initial concentration, proving that safrole have low persistence in cowpea beans, thus being safe for bioinsecticide use. Thus, this work is relevant not only for the extraction method developed, but also for the possible use of a natural insecticide in pest management in stored grains

Method Validation and Evaluation of Safrole Persistence in Cowpea Beans Using Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction and Gas Chromatography

Bioinsecticides are regarded as important alternatives for controlling agricultural pests. However, few studies have determined the persistence of these compounds in stored grains. This study aimed at optimizing and validating a fast and effective method for extraction and quantification of residues of safrole (the main component of Piper hispidinervum essential oil) in cowpea beans. It also sought to assess the persistence of this substance in the grains treated by contact and fumigation. The proposed method used headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector (GC/FID). Factors such as temperature, extraction time and type of fiber were assessed to maximize the performance of the extraction technique. The performance of the method was appraised via the parameters selectivity, linearity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), precision, and accuracy. The LOD and LOQ of safrole were 0.0057 and 0.019 μg kg−1, respectively and the determination coefficient (R2) was >0.99. The relative recovery ranged from 99.26 to 104.85, with a coefficient of variation −1 (contact) and from 2.16 to 0.12 µg kg −1 (fumigation). The levels measured up from the fifth day represented less than 1% of the initial concentration, proving that safrole have low persistence in cowpea beans, thus being safe for bioinsecticide use. Thus, this work is relevant not only for the extraction method developed, but also for the possible use of a natural insecticide in pest management in stored grains