Egg-laying experience and acceptance of parasitized hosts by the parasitoid, Leptopilina heterotoma (Hymenoptera: Eucoilidae).

The influence of egg-laying experience on the response of females of the eucoilid parasitoid, Leptopilina heterotoma, to parasitized and unparasitized Drosophila melanogaster host larvae was examined under more controlled conditions than those used in past studies. In laboratory assays, we precisely manipulated both the number of eggs laid by females and the kind of larvae (parasitized versus unparasitized) in which the eggs were laid. We found that the tendency to avoid laying eggs in parasitized hosts depended markedly on whether or not eggs had been laid previously, but depended little on whether those eggs had been laid in parasitized or unparasitized hosts. The observed effect of general egg-laying experience on avoidance of parasitized hosts may reflect responses to either changes in the wasp's internal state (perhaps, changes in egg load) or changes in the wasp's neural representation f the external environment (such as those presumed to occur during learning). In light of these results, we offer a tentative reinterpretation f several earlier studies. KEY WORDS: parasitoid; superparasitism; learning; motivation; egg load; Drosophila

Norandrosterone and noretiocholanolone concentration before and after submaximal standardized exercise.

Le 19-NE et le 19-NA sont des indicateurs utilisés pour le contrôle dans les urines de l'usage illégal de nandrolone, mais ils semblent être produits de façon endogène lors de l'exercice chez des hommes non-traités, à des taux proches de ceux du seuil préconisé par le CIO

Episignature Mapping of TRIP12 Provides Functional Insight into Clark-Baraitser Syndrome

Clark-Baraitser syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant intellectual disability syndrome caused by pathogenic variants in the TRIP12 (Thyroid Hormone Receptor Interactor 12) gene. TRIP12 encodes an E3 ligase in the ubiquitin pathway. The ubiquitin pathway includes activating E1, conjugating E2 and ligating E3 enzymes which regulate the breakdown and sorting of proteins. This enzymatic pathway is crucial for physiological processes. A significant proportion of TRIP12 variants are currently classified as variants of unknown significance (VUS). Episignatures have been shown to represent a powerful diagnostic tool to resolve inconclusive genetic findings for Mendelian disorders and to re-classify VUSs. Here, we show the results of DNA methylation episignature analysis in 32 individuals with pathogenic, likely pathogenic and VUS variants in TRIP12. We identified a specific and sensitive DNA methylation (DNAm) episignature associated with pathogenic TRIP12 variants, establishing its utility as a clinical biomarker for Clark-Baraitser syndrome. In addition, we performed analysis of differentially methylated regions as well as functional correlation of the TRIP12 genome-wide methylation profile with the profiles of 56 additional neurodevelopmental disorders.Genetics of disease, diagnosis and treatmen