A Brief History of Archiving in Language Documentation, with an Annotated Bibliography

We survey the history of practices, theories, and trends in archiving for the purposes of language documentation and endangered language conservation. We identify four major periods in the history of such archiving. First, a period from before the time of Boas and Sapir until the early 1990s, in which analog materials were collected and deposited into physical repositories that were not easily accessible to many researchers or speaker communities. A second period began in the 1990s, when increased attention to language endangerment and the development of modern documentary linguistics engendered a renewed and redefined focus on archiving and an embrace of digital technology. A third period took shape in the early twenty-first century, where technological advancements and efforts to develop standards of practice met with important critiques. Finally, in the current period, conversations have arisen toward participatory models for archiving, which break traditional boundaries to expand the audiences and uses for archives while involving speaker communities directly in the archival process. Following the article, we provide an annotated bibliography of 85 publications from the literature surrounding archiving in documentary linguistics. This bibliography contains cornerstone contributions to theory and practice, and it also includes pieces that embody conversations representative of particular historical periods.National Foreign Language Resource Cente

Artificial intelligence techniques for scheduling Space Shuttle missions

Planning and scheduling of NASA Space Shuttle missions is a complex, labor-intensive process requiring the expertise of experienced mission planners. We have developed a planning and scheduling system using combinations of artificial intelligence knowledge representations and planning techniques to capture mission planning knowledge and automate the multi-mission planning process. Our integrated object oriented and rule-based approach reduces planning time by orders of magnitude and provides planners with the flexibility to easily modify planning knowledge and constraints without requiring programming expertise

The Use of Archives in Endangered Language Preservation: The State of the Art

Conference presentation at the 2015 Annual Meeting of the Linguistic Society of Americ

Deep vein thrombosis resolution is not accelerated with increased neovascularization

Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) resolution involves fibrinolysis, neovascularization, and fibrosis. We hypothesized that promoting neovascularization would accelerate DVT resolution. A rat model of stasis DVT was produced with proximal ligation of the inferior vena cava (IVC) and all visible tributaries. One μg of interferon inducible protein (IP-10; angiostatic chemokine), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF; pro-angiogenic cytokine), epithelial neutrophil activating protein (ENA-78; pro-angiogenic chemokine), or saline solution control was injected into the IVC after ligation, and then via tail vein injection daily until sacrifice at either 4 or 8 days. Peripheral blood counts were measured, and thrombus weight was recorded at sacrifice. Laser Doppler in vivo imaging was used to estimate post-thrombotic IVC blood flow. Immunohistologic assessment of the thrombosed IVC for polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs), monocytes (ED-1), and laminin (neovascular channels) was performed or the thrombus was separated from the IVC and assayed for keratinocyte cytokine (KC), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), bFGF with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and total collagen with a direct colorimetric assay. Peripheral blood and intrathrombus PMNs and monocytes were not significantly different in the treated or control rats. There were no differences in any measure at 4 days. At 8 days, thrombus neovascularity, but not weight or collagen content, was increased in rats treated with bFGF or ENA-78 compared with control rats (17.6 ± 0.93, 16.2 ± 0.97 vs 13.2 ± 0.79; channels/5 high-power fields (hpf; n = 6-10; P < .05). Post DVT IVC blood flow was significantly increased in bFGF-treated rats but not in rats treated with IP-10 or ENA-78, as compared with control rats. Rats treated with ENA-78 had increased intrathrombus bFGF compared with control rats (85 ± 27 pg/mg protein vs 20 ± 6 pg/mg protein; n = 6; P < .05), but other mediators were not significantly different in treated rats compared with control rats. Pro-angiogenic compounds increase thrombus neovascularization, but this does not correlate with smaller or less fibrotic DVT. Mechanisms other than neovascularization may be more important to hasten DVT dissolution. Improved therapy for deep venous thrombosis (DVT) will ideally increase the rate of thrombus dissolution and eliminate the bleeding risks of anticoagulation. This study evaluated promoting DVT neovascularization with angiogenic chemokines, and, while successful by experimental measures, this did not translate into smaller DVT. Solely promoting thrombus neovascularization will not likely speed resolution

Vein wall remodeling after deep vein thrombosis involves matrix metalloproteinases and late fibrosis in a mouse model

HypothesisDeep venous thrombosis (DVT) confers vein wall injury associated with fibrosis and extracellular matrix (ECM) turnover, likely mediated by matrix proteases. This study investigated the expression of proteases and collagen involved in early vein wall remodeling.MethodsIn the mouse, DVT was produced by ligation of the infrarenal inferior vena cava (IVC) or sham operation, and tissue was harvested at 4, 8, and 12 days. The vein wall tissue was processed for real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (6 to 8 per time point), Western immunoblotting (5 per time point), and gelatin zymography (5 per time point). Analysis of variance was used for multiple comparisons, and a P < .05 was significant.ResultsThrombus resolution was documented by a 38% decrease in the thrombosed IVC weight from day 4 to day 12 (P = .007). Total vein wall collagen increased over time, with a corresponding increase in procollagen I and III, and expression peaked at 12 days (24-fold and 6.1-fold, respectively, P < .02). Matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) gene expression was 23-fold greater at 12 days after thrombus formation compared with sham or 4 days after thrombosis (P < .05). Total MMP-2 activity was also significantly elevated at 12 days compared with sham (P < .05). MMP-9 expression was 19-fold and 27-fold higher at days 4 and 8, respectively, relative to sham (P < .05), with no difference in activity. MMP-14 expression was twofold to 3.6-fold greater at day 12 compared with earlier time points and shams (P < .001), but no differences in protein levels were found. Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) protein levels were not significantly different from sham over time; however, the ratio of uPA to PAI-1 was decreased through 8 days.ConclusionsVein wall remodeling after DVT is similar to wound healing and is associated with increased procollagen gene expression and total collagen. It is also associated with increased early MMP-9 expression, followed by MMP-2 expression and activity after DVT resolution.Clinical RelevanceDeep vein thrombosis is an often neglected problem that long term is associated with the postphlebitic syndrome of limb swelling, pain, and often ulceration. The basic mechanisms of the vein wall damage that results have not been delineated. The following study describes the vein wall matrix metalloproteinase gene and activity response induced over time in the vein wall after DVT. Additionally, the corresponding collagen upregulation and proximate plasmin system mediators are determined. With this knowledge, potential therapies to reduce vein wall injury directly might be possible