518 research outputs found
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Asymmetric adjustment in the City of London office market
Earlier estimates of the City of London office market are extended by considering a longer time series of data, covering two cycles, and by explicitly modeling of asymmetric space market responses to employment and supply shocks. A long run structural model linking real rental levels, office-based employment and the supply of office space is estimated and then rental adjustment processes are modeled using an error correction model framework. Rental adjustment is seen to be asymmetric, depending both on the direction of the supply and demand shocks and on the state of the space market at the time of the shock. Vacancy adjustment does not display asymmetries. There is also a supply adjustment equation. Two three-equation systems, one with symmetric rental adjustment and the other with asymmetric adjustment, are subjected to positive and negative shocks to employment. These illustrate differences in the two systems
Global tidal impacts of large-scale ice-sheet collapses
Tide model output for "Wilmes et al., (2017), Global tidal impacts of large-scale ice-sheet collapses, JGR Oceans" together with the Matlab files needed to read the model binary files
Please refer to the publications for details on the run setup.
h0.* contains elevation output; M2 elevations can be read in Matlab using [h,th_lim,ph_lim] = h_in(filename,1); where h is tidal elevation (abs(h) gives amplitudes and angle(h) gives phase), th_lim gives latitude limits in degs N and ph_lim longitude limits in degs E
u0.* contains tidal transport output; M2 transports can be read in Matlab using [u,v,th_lim,ph_lim] = u_in(filename,1); where u and v are transports in x and y direction (real(u)/hz gives tidal current strength)
grid* contains the bathymetry; can be read in Matlab using [ll_lims,hz,mz,iob] = grd_in(filename); where ll_lims gives lon and lat limits, hz is water depth, mz is the land-sea mask (0 is land, 1 is water), and iob are open boundary nodes
*.it_m2_k1_00.0kyrBP_ish_no0.1sal_191322_sal4 - CTRL; bathymetry: grid_etssib_1_8_paleo_glob_ice_shelves
*.it_m2_k1_00.0kyrBP_ish_5mSLR_vw_no0.1sal_191333_sal4 - 5m SLR; bathymetry: grid_etssib_1_8_paleo_glob_ice_shelves_5mSLR_vw
*.it_m2_k1_00.0kyrBP_ish_7mSLR_vw_no0.1sal_191336_sal4 - 7m SLR; bathymetry: grid_etssib_1_8_paleo_glob_ice_shelves_7mSLR_vw
*.it_m2_k1_1_8th_00.0kyrBP_12mSLR_vw_7048752_sal4 - 12m SLR; bathymetry: grid_etssib_1_8_paleo_glob_ice_shelves_12mSLR_vw
*.it_m2_k1_00.0kyrBP_no_wais_fp_5mSLR_vw_no0.1sal_191326_sal4 - No WAIS; bathymetry: grid_etssib_1_8_glob_no_wais_SLR_fingerprint_5m_EEV_vw
*.it_m2_k1_00.0kyrBP_no_gris_fp_7mSLR_vw_no0.1sal_191331_sal4 - No GIS; bathymetry: grid_etssib_1_8_glob_no_gris_SLR_fingerprint_7m_EEV_vw
*.it_m2_00.0kyrBP_no_wais_gis_fp_vw_375526_sal4 - No WAIS & No GIS; bathymetry: grid_etssib_1_8_glob_no_wais_gris_SLR_fingerprint_12m_EEV_v
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Characteristic patterns of shelf circulation at the boundary between central and southern California
The coastal circulation in the Santa Barbara Channel (SBC) and the southern central
California shelf is described in terms of three characteristic flow patterns. The upwelling
pattern consists of a prevailing equatorward flow at the surface and at 45 m depth, except in
the area immediately adjacent to the mainland coast in the SBC where the prevailing
cyclonic circulation is strong enough to reverse the equatorward tendency and the flow is
toward the west. In the surface convergent pattern, north of Point Conception, the surface
flow is equatorward while the flow at 45 m depth is poleward. East of Point Conception,
along the mainland coast, the flow is westward at all depths and there results a convergence
at the surface between Point Conception and Point Arguello, with offshore transport over a
distance on the order of 100 km. Beneath the surface layer the direction of the flow is
consistently poleward. The relaxation pattern is almost the reverse of the upwelling
pattern, with the exception that in the SBC the cyclonic circulation is such that the flow
north of the Channel Islands remains eastward, although weak. The upwelling pattern is
more likely to occur in March and April, after the spring transition, when the winds first
become upwelling favorable and while the surface pressure is uniform. The surface
convergent pattern tends to occur in summer, when the wind is still strong and persistently
upwelling favorable, and the alongshore variable upwelling has build up alongshore
surface pressure gradients. The relaxation pattern occurs in late fall and early winter, after
the end of the period of persistent upwelling favorable winds
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Statistical aspects of surface drifter observations of circulation in the Santa Barbara Channel
Argos-tracked drifters are used to study the near-surface circulation in
the Santa Barbara Channel. The mean consists of a cyclonic cell in the western
Santa Barbara Channel with weaker flow in the eastern Channel. Drifter mean
velocities agree well with record means from near-surface current meters. At
the eastern entrance to the channel, drifter velocities are biased toward outflow
(eastward velocity) conditions. Drifter variability at synoptic and seasonal scales
shows a tendency for upwelling and eastward flow in spring, a strong cyclonic
circulation in summer, poleward relaxation in fall, and weak, variable circulation
in winter. Drifter estimates of eddy stress divergence indicate advective terms play
a secondary role in the mean surface momentum balance. Lagrangian time and
space scales are about 1 day and under 10 km, respectively. The mismatch between
Lagrangian and Eulerian timescales indicates advective terms are important to the
fluctuating circulation.Copyrighted by American Geophysical Union
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Observations of the semidiurnal internal tide on the southern California slope and shelf
We give a detailed description of the semidiurnal-band current and temperature
variability observed during the Internal Waves on the Continental Margin (IWAVES) field
experiments of 1996 and 1997 off of Mission Beach, California. This variability was
dominated by the internal tide, and the structure of the internal tide on the slope and
shelfbreak region was different from that on the narrow shelf. On the slope and shelfbreak,
the internal tide was dominated by alongshore propagating coastal-trapped waves. In this
region, semidiurnal-band currents were predominantly oriented in the alongshore
direction. In the lower half of the water column at a water depth H of 350 m, current
and temperature variability were consonant with a short wavelength (~8 km) bottom
trapped wave propagating in the alongshore direction to the north. In the upper 120 m of
the water column (above the depth of the shelfbreak), slope and shelfbreak currents were
highly coherent with a zero phase lag; that is, there was no phase propagation in the cross-shore
direction. On the narrow (~10 km) shelf, cross-shore currents u were much more
energetic than on the slope and had the structure of a mode-one internal wave. The
alongshore currents v decreased monotonically from the surface to the bottom of the water
column with a phase that did not change with depth. The near-bottom u signal propagated
toward the coast during all mooring deployments, faster in the summer than in the fall.
The near-bottom u and mid-column temperature relative phase was neither consistent with
a purely progressive nor a purely standing mode-one internal wave. We conclude that
the internal tide on the shelf was partially reflected.Copyrighted by American Geophysical Union.Keywords: continental shelf and slope circulation, internal tide, coastal-trapped wave, internal wave
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Observations and modeling of coastal internal waves driven by a diurnal sea breeze
During the Internal Waves on the Continental Margin (IWAVES) field experiments of 1996 and 1997 off of Mission Beach, California (32.75° N), we observed energetic, dirunal-band motions across the entire study site in water depths ranging from 15 to 500 m and spanning a cross-shore distance of 15 km. The spectral peak of the currents was at the diurnal frequency (σD₁ = 1 cpd) and was sufficiently well resolved to be clearly separated from the slightly higher local inertial frequency (f = 1.08 cpd). These motions were surface enhanced and clockwise circularly polarized and had an upward phase propagation speed of ~68 m d¯¹, suggesting that the motions were driven predominantly by the diurnal sea breeze. However, the downward energy (upward phase) propagation seems irreconcilable with the subinertial diurnal period, and moreover, the intermittent diurnal current events were not obviously associated with the diurnal sea breeze events. We rationalize these features using a flat-bottomed linear modal sum internal wave model that includes advection and refraction due to subtidal alongshore flow, V(x,t). Fluctuations in V at the observing site can change the “effective” local Coriolis parameter f + Vx by as much 50%, thus making the diurnal motions at different times effectively either subinertial or superinertial. The model is integrated numerically for 200 days at a latitude of 32.75°N under different wind and subtidal flow conditions: purely diurnal winds and no V, purely diurnal winds and a time-independent V, narrow-band diurnal winds and no V, and narrow-band diurnal winds and subtidal, time-dependent V. Model diurnal currents forced by narrow-band diurnal winds and subtidal V show complex offshore structure with realistic intermittency and spectral broadening. This study suggests that continental margins in the vicinity of the 30° latitude (where σD₁ = f) are regions that could potentially produce energetic, sea breeze-driven baroclinic motions and that these motions could be regulated by the vorticity of the local subtidal currents
Characteristic patterns of shelf circulation at the boundary between central and southern California
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