War Complexity and Outcomes, 1946-2002

This study on war crises offers an operational index of complexity and spells out four postulates relating issue and structure elements to war outcomes. We expect that wars over territorial issues will end in an accommodative manner (postulate 1), that ethnic wars, though rare, will end in a non-accommodative outcome (postulate 2) and that clash of civilization issues, more than all other issues, will end in a non-accommodative way (postulate 3). Finally, wars with overall low complexity will end in accommodation while high complexity wars will not (postulate 4). Using ICB data, this study of 55 war crises, from 1946 to 2002, compares two situations: Intra-War Crisis (IWC), namely, long ongoing wars that are waged before the crisis begins (17 cases) and regular wars that occur after the crisis starts (38 cases). Findings from the study indicate that not all wars are alike. The substance of issues involved in the confrontation matters and complexity affects accommodation. Overall complexity is coupled, in part, with outcomes and as anticipated, patterns of regular wars and IWCs vary. These findings on war diversity highlight the need for a comprehensive 'multi path' model to war

Crises Press Coverage: Local & Foreign Reporting on the Arab-Israel Conflict

This study analyzes Israeli Haaretz and the American New York Times crisis press coverage on four short Arab-Israel crises, from the early 1950s to the late 1990s. To illuminate the similar and different reporting modes of the press from within and outside a conflict region, the article probes three hypotheses: reporting on the salient crisis events will differ (H1), reporting on conflict related events will differ (H2) and dominant media functions will differ (H3). Findings on most reporting variables examined in both newspapers support these hypotheses. Compared with the NYT, in Haaretz, overall crisis exposure was higher, crisis was addressed more frequently than conflict, use of pictures was negligible and surveillance substituted correlation. But in both papers, similar peaks and lulls were reported for all four short Arab-Israel crises, coverage of crisis was the overwhelming topic and surveillance was the dominant media function