1,799 research outputs found
Dispersion managed mode-locking dynamics in a Ti:Sapphire laser
We present what is to our knowledge the most complete 1-D numerical analysis
of the evolution and the propagation dynamics of an ultrashort laser pulse in a
Ti:Sapphire laser oscillator. This study confirms the dispersion managed model
of mode-locking, and emphasizes the role of the Kerr nonlinearity in generating
mode-locked spectra with a smooth and well-behaved spectral phase. A very good
agreement with preliminary experimental measurements is found.Comment: 11 pages, 4 figures, submitted to Optics Letter
The relation between post-shock temperature, cosmic-ray pressure and cosmic-ray escape for non-relativistic shocks
Supernova remnants are thought to be the dominant source of Galactic cosmic
rays. This requires that at least 5% of the available energy is transferred to
cosmic rays, implying a high cosmic-ray pressure downstream of supernova
remnant shocks. Recently, it has been shown that the downstream temperature in
some remnants is low compared to the measured shock velocities, implying that
additional pressure support by accelerated particles is present.
Here we use a two-fluid thermodynamic approach to derive the relation between
post-shock fractional cosmic-ray pressure and post-shock temperature, assuming
no additional heating beyond adiabatic heating in the shock precursor and with
all non-adiabatic heating occurring at the subshock. The derived relations show
that a high fractional cosmic-ray pressure is only possible, if a substantial
fraction of the incoming energy flux escapes from the system. Recently a shock
velocity and a downstream proton temperature were measured for a shock in the
supernova remnant RCW 86. We apply the two-fluid solutions to these
measurements and find that the the downstream fractional cosmic-ray pressure is
at least 50% with a cosmic-ray energy flux escape of at least 20%. In general,
in order to have 5% of the supernova energy go into accelerating cosmic rays,
on average the post-shock cosmic-ray pressure needs to be 30% for an effective
cosmic-ray adiabatic index of 4/3.Comment: 9 pages, 6 color figures. This is updated with a corrected figure 5a
and 5b, reflecting an ApJ erratu
Conformational mechanism for the stability of microtubule-kinetochore attachments
Regulating the stability of microtubule(MT)-kinetochore attachments is
fundamental to avoiding mitotic errors and ensure proper chromosome segregation
during cell division. While biochemical factors involved in this process have
been identified, its mechanics still needs to be better understood. Here we
introduce and simulate a mechanical model of MT-kinetochore interactions in
which the stability of the attachment is ruled by the geometrical conformations
of curling MT-protofilaments entangled in kinetochore fibrils. The model allows
us to reproduce with good accuracy in vitro experimental measurements of the
detachment times of yeast kinetochores from MTs under external pulling forces.
Numerical simulations suggest that geometrical features of MT-protofilaments
may play an important role in the switch between stable and unstable
attachments
Molecular Diagnostics in the Mycosphaerella Leaf Spot Disease Complex of Banana and for Radopholus similis
Mycosphaerella leaf spots and nematodes threaten banana cultivation worldwide. The Mycosphaerella disease complex involves three related ascomycetous fungi: Mycosphaerella fijiensis, M. musicola and M. eumusae. The exact distribution of these three species and their disease epidemiology remain unclear, since their symptoms and life cycles are rather similar. Diagnosing these diseases and the respective causal agents is based on the presence of host symptoms and fungal fruiting structures, but is time consuming and not conducive to preventive management. In the present study, we developed rapid and robust species-specific diagnostic tools to detect and quantify M. fijiensis, M. musicola and M. eumusae. Conventional species-specific PCR primers were developed based on the actin gene that detected as little as 100, 1 and 10 pg/µl DNA from, respectively, M. fijiensis, M. musicola and M. eumusae. Furthermore, TaqMan real-time quantitative PCR assays that were developed based on the ß-tubulin gene detected quantities as low as 1 pg/µl DNA of each species from pure cultures and 1.6 pg/µl DNA/mg of M. fijiensis from dry leaf tissue. The efficacy of the tests was validated using naturally infected banana leaves. Similar technology has been used to develop a quantitative PCR assay for the banana burrowing nematode, Radopholus similis, which is currently being validate
The influence of chain orientation in the electric behaviour of polymer diodes
Recently some experimental results have showed that the spatial alignment of conjugated polymer chains on nanometre length scales can influence the behaviour of polymer-based electronic devices, such as light-emitting diodes, field effect transistors, and photovoltaic cells. The effects of chain orientation at electrode-polymer interfaces on the charge injection process and charge mobility through the polymer layer are not well understood. In this work we use a generalized dynamical Monte Carlo method to study the influence of different polymer chain orientation relative to the electrodes surface on the electric behaviour of single-layer polymer diode, namely density current and charge
density.Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) - POCTI/CTM/41574/2001; CONC-REEQ/443/EEI/2005; SFRH/BD/22143/2005FEDE
Managing stakeholders conflicts
It is not unusual that a chapter on conflict management, which is about, generally speaking,
helping people or organizations that are in conflict with each other to deal with their differences,
opens up with this statement (Moore, 1986 cited in Gordon, 1966):
All societies, communities, organizations, and interpersonal relationships experience conflict at one
time or another in the process of day-to-day interaction. Conflict is not necessarily bad, abnormal,
or dysfunctional; it is a fact of life.The author, Alexandre Ferreira da Silva, is supported by Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (SFRH/BD/39459/2007)
Computer simulation of hole distribution in polymeric materials
Polymers have been known for their flexibility and easy processing into coatings and films, which made them suitable to be applied in a variety of areas and in particular the growing area of organic electronics. The electronic properties of semiconducting polymers made them a serious rival in areas where until now inorganic materials were the most used, such as light emitting diodes or solar cells. Typical polymers can be seen as a network of molecular strands of varied lengths and orientations, with a random distribution of physical and chemical defects which makes them an anisotropic material. To further increase their performance, a better understanding of all aspects related to charge transport and space charge distribution in polymeric materials is required. The process associated with charge transport depends on the properties of the polymer molecules as well as connectivity and texture, and so we adopt a mesoscopic approach to build polymer structures. Changing the potential barrier for charge injection we can introduce holes in the polymer network and, by using a generalised Monte-Carlo method, we can simulate the transport of the injected charge through the polymer layer caused by imposing a voltage between two planar electrodes. Our results show that the way that holes distribute within polymer layer and charge localization in these materials is quite different from the inorganic ones.Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) – Programa Operacional “Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovação” – POCTI/CTM/41574/2001, CONC-REEQ/443/EEI/2005, SFRH/BD/22143/2005European Community Fund (FEDER
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