VOLTAGE BREAKDOWN IN IONIZED AIR AT FREQUENCIES FROM ZERO TO 10,000 MEGACYCLES

During the summer of 1957, The Martin Company, Denver Division, expressed a need for experimental data which would enable more exact design of surface- mounted antennas on missiles which would avoid corona and voltage breakdown in the higher atmosphere. Inasmuch as some experimental data were then avail* able, a request was also made for a literature search on voltage breakdown is air as a function of pressure, frequency, pulse length, electrode spacing, and degree of ionization. Contract No. DEN 57-5652, under Prime Contract AF 04 (645) 56, was initiated with the Purdue Research Foundation in January, 1958, to obtain (l) a literature search and (2) experimental data covering a range of the parameters listed above. The literature search was delivered to The Martin Company on November 25, 1958. The experimental data are the subject of this report

Hydration-Scanning Tunneling Microscopy as a Reliable Method for Imaging Biological Specimens and Hydrophilic Insulators

The recently discovered high lateral conductivity of molecularly thin adsorbed water films enables investigation of biological specimens, and even of surfaces of hydrophilic insulators by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Here we demonstrate the capabilities of this method, which we call hydration-STM (HSTM), with images of various specimens taken in humid atmosphere: We obtained images of a glass coverslip, collagen molecules, tobacco mosaic virus, lipid bilayers and cryosectioned bovine achilles tendon on mica. To elucidate the physical mechanism of this conduction phenomenon we recorded current-voltage curves on hydrated mica. This revealed a basically ohmic behavior of the J-V curves without a threshold voltage to activate the current transport and indicates that electrochemistry probably does not dominate the surface conductivity. We assume that the conduction mechanism is due to structuring of water at the surface

Geometry and symmetries of multi-particle systems

The quantum dynamical evolution of atomic and molecular aggregates, from their compact to their fragmented states, is parametrized by a single collective radial parameter. Treating all the remaining particle coordinates in d dimensions democratically, as a set of angles orthogonal to this collective radius or by equivalent variables, bypasses all independent-particle approximations. The invariance of the total kinetic energy under arbitrary d-dimensional transformations which preserve the radial parameter gives rise to novel quantum numbers and ladder operators interconnecting its eigenstates at each value of the radial parameter. We develop the systematics and technology of this approach, introducing the relevant mathematics tutorially, by analogy to the familiar theory of angular momentum in three dimensions. The angular basis functions so obtained are treated in a manifestly coordinate-free manner, thus serving as a flexible generalized basis for carrying out detailed studies of wavefunction evolution in multi-particle systems.Comment: 37 pages, 2 eps figure

The effect of normal and insulating layers on 0-πtransitions in Josephson junctions with a ferromagnetic barrier

Using the Usadel approach, we provide a formalism that allows us to calculate the critical current density of 21 different types of Josephson junctions (JJs) with a ferromagnetic (F) barrier and additional insulating (I) or/and normal (N) layers inserted between the F layer and superconducting (S) electrodes. In particular, we obtain that in SFS JJs, even a thin additional N layer between the S layer and F layer may noticeably change the thickness ${d}_{{\rm{F}}}$ of the F layer at which the 0-π transitions occur. For certain values of ${d}_{{\rm{F}}},$ a 0-π transition can even be achieved by changing only the N layer thickness. We use our model to fit experimental data of SIFS and SINFS tunnel junctions

Ergebnisse einer Umfrage zur ­Verschreibung von Antibiotika in der ­Veterinärmedizin

English Outcome of a survey on antibiotic prescribing in veterinary medicine As part of the national strategy on antibiotic resistance (StAR), a therapy guide for the prudent prescription of antimicrobial agents in animals was developed. To facilitate its implementation in the veterinary practice, the therapy recommendations contained therein have been translated to the user-friendly decision support AntibioticScout.ch. In this context, we conducted a non-representative survey to assess the level of awareness as well as usage of this guide and the AntibioticScout.ch decision support. Based on case studies with typical diseases in dogs, cats and cattle, it was shown that the veterinarians participating in the survey strive to handle antibiotics responsibly and to prescribe them with restraint. Nevertheless, the survey points to possible improvements in the antibiotic therapy. In particular, the StAR guidelines or AntibioticScout.ch can be useful to the practicing veterinarians for taking into account all relevant decision criteria in the optimal selection of a suitable antimicrobial agent. Keywords: AntibioticScout; Decision support; Prescribing behavior; Survey; Veterinary medicine Deutsch Ergebnisse einer Umfrage zur ­Verschreibung von Antibiotika in der ­Veterinärmedizin Im Rahmen der nationalen Strategie Antibiotikaresistenzen (StAR) wurde ein Therapieleitfaden für die umsichtige Verschreibung von antimikrobiellen Wirkstoffen bei Tieren erarbeitet. Um dessen Umsetzung in der tierärztlichen Praxis zu erleichtern, sind die darin enthaltenen Therapieempfehlungen in die benutzerfreundliche Entscheidungshilfe AntibioticScout.ch überführt worden. In diesem Zusammenhang haben wir eine nicht-repräsentative Umfrage durchgeführt um Bekanntheitsgrad und Nutzung dieses Leitfadens bzw. der Entscheidungshilfe AntibioticScout.ch einzuschätzen. Anhand von Fallbeispielen mit typischen Erkrankungen bei Hunden, Katzen und Rindern zeigte sich, dass die an der Befragung teilnehmenden Tierärztinnen und Tierärzte bestrebt sind, verantwortungsvoll mit Antibiotika umzugehen und diese Wirkstoffe zurückhaltend zu verschreiben. Trotzdem weist die Umfrage auf Verbesserungsmöglichkeiten in der Antibiotikatherapie hin. Der StAR-Therapieleitfaden und AntibioticScout.ch können insbesondere für die Berücksichtigung aller relevanten Entscheidungskriterien bei der optimalen Auswahl eines geeigneten antimikrobiellen Wirkstoffes der Tierärzteschaft dienlich sein. Schlüsselwörter: AntibioticScout; Entscheidungshilfe; ­Umfrage; Verschreibungsverhalten; Veterinärmedizin Français Résultats d’une enquête sur la ­prescription d’antibiotiques en ­médicine vétérinaire Dans le cadre de la stratégie nationale de résistance aux antibiotiques (StAR), un guide thérapeutique pour la prescription prudente d'agents antimicrobiens chez les animaux a été élaboré. Pour faciliter son application dans la pratique vétérinaire, les recommandations thérapeutiques qu'il contient ont été transférées dans l'aide à la décision conviviale en-ligne AntibioticScout.ch. Dans ce contexte, nous avons mené une enquête non représentative pour évaluer le niveau de connaissance et l’utilisation de ce guide de l'aide à la decision AntibioticScout.ch. Sur la base d'études de cas portant sur des maladies typiques des chiens, des chats et des bovins, il a été démontré que les vétérinaires participant à l'enquête s'efforcent d’ utiliser les antibiotiques de manière responsable et de les prescrire avec modération. Néanmoins, l'enquête met en évidence les améliorations possibles de la thérapie antibiotique. Le guide thérapeutique StAR ou AntibioticScout.ch peut être particulièrement utile à la profession vétérinaire pour prendre en compte tous les critères de décision pertinents dans la sélection optimale d'un agent antimicrobien approprié. Mots-clés: AntibioticScout; aide à la décision; enquéte; comportement de prescription; médecine vétérinaire Italiano Risultati di un sondaggio sulla ­prescrizione di antibiotici in medicina veterinaria Come parte della strategia nazionale di resistenza agli antibiotici (StAR), è stata sviluppata una guida terapeutica per la prescrizione prudente di agenti antimicrobici negli animali. Per facilitarne l'attuazione nella pratica veterinaria, le raccomandazioni terapeutiche ivi contenute sono state trasferite nell'aiuto decisionale di facile utilizzo AntibioticScout.ch. In questo contesto, abbiamo condotto un sondaggio non rappresentativo per valutare il livello di conoscenza e l’utilizzo di questa guida e del supporto decisionale AntibioticScout.ch. Sulla base di studi di casi con malattie tipiche di cani, gatti e bovini, è stato dimostrato che i veterinari che hanno partecipato all'indagine si sforzano di gestire gli antibiotici in modo responsabile e di prescriverli con moderazione. Tuttavia, il sondaggio indica possibili miglioramenti nella terapia antibiotica. La guida alla terapia StAR o AntibioticScout.ch può essere particolarmente utile ai professionisti veterinari per tenere conto di tutti i criteri decisionali rilevanti nella scelta ottimale di un agente antimicrobico adatto. Parole chiavi: AntibioticScout; supporto alle decisioni; sondaggio; comportamento prescrittivo; medicina veterinari

Selective repression of retinoic acid target genes by RIP140 during induced tumor cell differentiation of pluripotent human embryonal carcinoma cells

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The use of retinoids as anti-cancer agents has been limited due to resistance and low efficacy. The dynamics of nuclear receptor coregulation are incompletely understood. Cell-and context-specific activities of nuclear receptors may be in part due to distinct coregulator complexes recruited to distinct subsets of target genes. RIP140 (also called NRIP1) is a ligand-dependent corepressor that is inducible with retinoic acid (RA). We had previously shown that RIP140 limits RA induced tumor cell differentiation of embryonal carcinoma; the pluriopotent stem cells of testicular germ cell tumors. This implies that RIP140 represses key genes required for RA-mediated tumor cell differentiation. Identification of these genes would be of considerable interest.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>To begin to address this issue, microarray technology was employed to elucidate in a <it>de novo </it>fashion the global role of RIP140 in RA target gene regulation of embryonal carcinoma. Subclasses of genes were affected by RIP140 in distinct manners.</p> <p>Interestingly, approximately half of the RA-dependent genes were unaffected by RIP140. Hence, RIP140 appears to discriminate between different classes of RA target genes. In general, RIP140-dependent gene expression was consistent with RIP140 functioning to limit RA signaling and tumor cell differentiation. Few if any genes were regulated in a manner to support a role for RIP140 in "active repression". We also demonstrated that RIP140 silencing sensitizes embryonal carcinoma cells to low doses of RA.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Together the data demonstrates that RIP140 has profound effects on RA-mediated gene expression in this cancer stem cell model. The RIP140-dependent RA target genes identified here may be particularly important in mediating RA-induced tumor cell differentiation and the findings suggest that RIP140 may be an attractive target to sensitize tumor cells to retinoid-based differentiation therapy. We discuss these data in the context of proposed models of RIP140-mediated repression.</p

Evaluational adjectives

This paper demarcates a theoretically interesting class of "evaluational adjectives." This class includes predicates expressing various kinds of normative and epistemic evaluation, such as predicates of personal taste, aesthetic adjectives, moral adjectives, and epistemic adjectives, among others. Evaluational adjectives are distinguished, empirically, in exhibiting phenomena such as discourse-oriented use, felicitous embedding under the attitude verb `find', and sorites-susceptibility in the comparative form. A unified degree-based semantics is developed: What distinguishes evaluational adjectives, semantically, is that they denote context-dependent measure functions ("evaluational perspectives")—context-dependent mappings to degrees of taste, beauty, probability, etc., depending on the adjective. This perspective-sensitivity characterizing the class of evaluational adjectives cannot be assimilated to vagueness, sensitivity to an experiencer argument, or multidimensionality; and it cannot be demarcated in terms of pretheoretic notions of subjectivity, common in the literature. I propose that certain diagnostics for "subjective" expressions be analyzed instead in terms of a precisely specified kind of discourse-oriented use of context-sensitive language. I close by applying the account to `find x PRED' ascriptions