The (in)compatibility of identities: Understanding gender differences in work-life conflict through the fit with leaders

This is the final version. Available on open access from Wiley via the DOI in this recordData availability statement: The data that support the findings of these studies are available from the corresponding author upon request.Women’s concerns about work-life balance are cited as a key factor underlying their continued underrepresentation in particular domains and roles. This gendered pattern is often attributed to factors in the home, such as women’s disproportionate share of domestic work and childcare responsibilities. We offer an additional explanation that focuses on workplace identities. Across four studies we demonstrate that perceptions of work-life balance are not only a matter of balancing time, but also a matter of balancing identity, and that the availability of attainable leaders plays a key role in determining these processes. More specifically, a survey study (Study 1, N=1223) among participants working in a historically male-dominated profession shows that gender differences in work-life balance perceptions are, in part, explained by women’s perceived lack of fit with leaders and, in turn, their perceptions of incompatibility between who they are at home and who they are at work. In Studies 2 (N=207), 3a (N=209), and 3b (N=191) we demonstrate that gender differences in anticipated work-life balance can be ameliorated through exposure to attainable female leaders. These findings have implications for organisations that seek to recruit and retain women and demonstrate that issues of identity are crucial for facilitating work-life balance.British AcademyEuropean CommissionDutch Science Foundatio

Cardiac regulation, attachment style, and frustration tolerance in children with disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD) is a childhood mood disorder characterized by severe difficulty in emotion regulation, particularly anger and irritability. Limited research has explored the relationship between attachment style and DMDD, despite the potential influence of attachment on physiological and behavioural regulation. This study investigated the role of attachment style, and subsequent adaptive shifts in parasympathetic regulation of the heart (indexed by vagal tone), as a potential contributing factor in the onset and maintenance of DMDD. The sample consisted of children who were diagnosed with DMDD (n=15) and a control group of typically developing peers (n =15). The avoidant attachment style was prominent in the DMDD group, compared to the control group. No differences in vagal tone were apparent at baseline or during a frustrating task. A negative correlation was found between the number of social interaction problems reported by parents in the DMDD group and autonomic regulation of the heart during the frustrating task. The study highlights the need for further research on the role of attachment style and physiological state regulation when frustrated to develop targeted interventions and support systems for children with DMDD

Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder: The relationship between cardiac vagal tone, emotion regulation and recognition

Children with Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD) have difficulties with emotion regulation and recognition which impacts their social functioning. Due to its recent definition, there is limited information on the neural mechanisms of this disorder. This exploratory study examined the role of autonomic heart regulation in children with DMDD, motivated by suggestions of reduced autonomic regulation (as indicated by heart rate variability) associated with psychiatric disorders in adults and children The cross-sectional design sampled two groups of children, one with DMDD (n = 15; 28 male) and the other with typical development (n = 15; 28 male. Heart rate variability, facial emotion recognition accuracy and speed, and prosody were measured. There were no significant differences in heart rate variability between the two groups prior to, or during, the tasks, however children with DMDD experienced significantly more difficulty recognising the fear in faces compared to controls and confused other negatively valenced emotions. There was also a significant, negative correlation between heart rate variability and prosody modulation in the control group, a relationship that was absent in the DMDD group. These results suggest that atypical autonomic regulation during emotionally evocative situations and facial emotion recognition may contribute to the difficulties experienced by children with DMDD

Modulation of Immune Responses after Portal Venous Injection of Antigen

Background: How the localization of antigen to the liver, through means such as oral ingestion, induces tolerance is poorly understood. Methods: To elucidate potential mechanisms we used an adoptive transfer system wherein ova-specific T cells were infused into a syngeneic host, and antigen-specific T-cell responses after delivery of soluble antigen into the liver were monitored. Results: After infusion of antigen into the portal vein, the frequency of antigen-specific T cells in lymph nodes draining the liver was lower than the frequency in peripheral lymph nodes. These findings were the reverse of what is typically observed after subcutaneous injection of antigen with adjuvant. Infusion of antigen with adjuvant into the portal vein did not alter this pattern of antigen-specific T-cell localization; however, an increased frequency of T cells, compared with antigen alone, was observed in peripheral lymph nodes and spleen. After exposure to antigen via the portal vein, T cells isolated from lymph nodes draining the liver and challenged with antigen in vitro exhibited a diminished proliferative response compared with T cells isolated from nondraining lymph nodes. This hyporesponsiveness was not observed when the antigen was administered with adjuvant. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the influence of the liver on immune responses might reflect two processes: (1) loss of antigen-specific T cells after primary antigen injection, and (2) hyporesponsiveness on reexposure to antigen. These mechanisms may contribute to the prevention of undesirable immune responses to foods and enteric bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract. Furthermore, these results underscore the importance of minimizing inflammation in circumstances such as islet transplantation, if endogenous mechanisms of tolerance induction are to be maximized

Modulation of Immune Responses after Portal Venous Injection of Antigen

Background: How the localization of antigen to the liver, through means such as oral ingestion, induces tolerance is poorly understood. Methods: To elucidate potential mechanisms we used an adoptive transfer system wherein ova-specific T cells were infused into a syngeneic host, and antigen-specific T-cell responses after delivery of soluble antigen into the liver were monitored. Results: After infusion of antigen into the portal vein, the frequency of antigen-specific T cells in lymph nodes draining the liver was lower than the frequency in peripheral lymph nodes. These findings were the reverse of what is typically observed after subcutaneous injection of antigen with adjuvant. Infusion of antigen with adjuvant into the portal vein did not alter this pattern of antigen-specific T-cell localization; however, an increased frequency of T cells, compared with antigen alone, was observed in peripheral lymph nodes and spleen. After exposure to antigen via the portal vein, T cells isolated from lymph nodes draining the liver and challenged with antigen in vitro exhibited a diminished proliferative response compared with T cells isolated from nondraining lymph nodes. This hyporesponsiveness was not observed when the antigen was administered with adjuvant. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the influence of the liver on immune responses might reflect two processes: (1) loss of antigen-specific T cells after primary antigen injection, and (2) hyporesponsiveness on reexposure to antigen. These mechanisms may contribute to the prevention of undesirable immune responses to foods and enteric bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract. Furthermore, these results underscore the importance of minimizing inflammation in circumstances such as islet transplantation, if endogenous mechanisms of tolerance induction are to be maximized

Modulation of Immune Responses after Portal Venous Injection of Antigen

Background: How the localization of antigen to the liver, through means such as oral ingestion, induces tolerance is poorly understood. Methods: To elucidate potential mechanisms we used an adoptive transfer system wherein ova-specific T cells were infused into a syngeneic host, and antigen-specific T-cell responses after delivery of soluble antigen into the liver were monitored. Results: After infusion of antigen into the portal vein, the frequency of antigen-specific T cells in lymph nodes draining the liver was lower than the frequency in peripheral lymph nodes. These findings were the reverse of what is typically observed after subcutaneous injection of antigen with adjuvant. Infusion of antigen with adjuvant into the portal vein did not alter this pattern of antigen-specific T-cell localization; however, an increased frequency of T cells, compared with antigen alone, was observed in peripheral lymph nodes and spleen. After exposure to antigen via the portal vein, T cells isolated from lymph nodes draining the liver and challenged with antigen in vitro exhibited a diminished proliferative response compared with T cells isolated from nondraining lymph nodes. This hyporesponsiveness was not observed when the antigen was administered with adjuvant. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the influence of the liver on immune responses might reflect two processes: (1) loss of antigen-specific T cells after primary antigen injection, and (2) hyporesponsiveness on reexposure to antigen. These mechanisms may contribute to the prevention of undesirable immune responses to foods and enteric bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract. Furthermore, these results underscore the importance of minimizing inflammation in circumstances such as islet transplantation, if endogenous mechanisms of tolerance induction are to be maximized

Meta-Analysis of Heterogeneity in the Effects of Wildfire Smoke Exposure on Respiratory Health in North America

Epidemiological studies consistently show an association between wildfire-related smoke exposure and adverse respiratory health. We conducted a systematic review of evidence in published literature pertaining to heterogeneity of respiratory effects from this exposure in North America. We calculated the within-study ratio of relative risks (RRR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) to examine heterogeneity of effect by population subgroup, and then summarized the RRRs using meta-analysis. We found evidence of a greater effect of wildfire smoke on respiratory health among females relative to males for asthma (RRR: 1.035, 95% CI: 1.013, 1.057) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (RRR: 1.018, 95% CI: 1.003, 1.032). There was evidence of a lower relative risk for all respiratory outcomes among youth compared to adults (RRR: 0.976, 95% CI: 0.963, 0.989). We also found wildfire smoke effects stratified by income, race, education, health behaviors, access to care, housing occupancy, geographic region, and urban/rural status. However, data were insufficient to quantitatively evaluate effect modification by these characteristics. While we found evidence that certain demographic subgroups of the population are more susceptible to respiratory health outcomes from wildfire smoke, it is unclear whether this information can be used to inform policy aimed to reduce health impact of wildfires