Deep-sound field analysis for upscaling ambisonic signals

International audienceHigher Order Ambisonics (HOA) is a popular technique used in high quality spatial audio reproduction. Several time and frequency domain methods which exploit sparsity have been proposed in the literature. These methods exploit sparsity and an overcomplete spherical harmonics dictionary is used to compute the DOA of the source. Spherical harmonic decomposition has also been used to render the spatial sound. However, the desired sound field can be reproduced over a small 
reproduction area at lower ambisonic orders. Additionally, this technique is limited by low spatial resolution which can be improved by increasing the number of loudspeakers during spatial sound reproduction. An increase in the number of loudspeakers is not a good choice since it involves solving an underdetermined system of equations for improving spatial resolution. A joint method that upscales the Ambisonics order while simultaneously increasing the number of loudspeakers is a feasible solution to this problem. Deep Neural Networks have hitherto not been investigated in detail in the context of upscaling ambisonics.In this work, a novel Sequential Multi-Stage DNN (SMS-DNN) is developed for upscaling Ambisonic signals. The SMS-DNN consists of sequentially stacked DNNs, where each of the stacked DNN upscales the order of the signal by one. This DNN structure is motivated by the fact that the spherical components of the encoded signal are independent of each other. Additionally for a particular direction <latex>(θ, φ)</latex> of the sound source, increase in the spherical harmonic order only appends higher order spherical harmonic coefficients to the encoder of the previous order, while the lower order spherical harmonic coefficients remain unchanged. Hence the individual DNNs in the SMS-DNN can be trained independently for any upscaling order.Monophonic sound is acquired using a B-format (first order) ambisonic microphone. These signals are upscaled into order-N HOA encoded plane wave sounds using the SMS-DNN in this work. The SMS-DNN allows for training of a very large number of layers since training is performed in blocks consisting of a fixed number of layers. Hence each stage can be trained independently. Additionally, the vanishing gradient problem in DNN with a large number of layers is also effectively handled by the proposed SMS-DNN due to its sequential nature. This method does not require prior estimation of the source locations and works in multiple source scenarios.Experiments on ambisonics upscaling are conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed method. The SMS-DNN architecture used in the experiment consists of N-1 fully connected feedforward neural networks where each network is trained separately. Here N is the ambisonics order up to which upscaling needs to be performed. An input training dataset where each example is a combination of five randomly located sound sources is also developed for the purpose of training the SMS-DNN. The output training dataset consists of a higher order encoding of the same mixture of sounds with similar locations as input data. Reconstructed sound field analysis, subjective and objective evaluations conducted on the upscaled Ambisonic sound scenes. Mean squared Error analysis of upscaled higher order reproduced fields indicates an error of up to -10dB. As the order of upscaling is increased it is noted that error-free reproduction area (sweet spot) increases. Average error distribution plots are also used to indicate the significance of the proposed method. MUSHRA tests, MOS (subjective evaluation) and PEAQ tests (objective evaluation) are also illustrated to indicate the perceptual quality of the reproduced sounds when compared to benchmark HOA reproduction

Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation Improves Outcome in Myelodysplastic Syndrome Across High-Risk Genetic Subgroups:Genetic Analysis of the Blood and Marrow Transplant Clinical Trials Network 1102 Study

PURPOSE:Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) improves overall survival (OS). We evaluated the impact of MDS genetics on the benefit of HCT in a biological assignment (donor v no donor) study.METHODS:We performed targeted sequencing in 309 patients age 50-75 years with International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS) intermediate-2 or high-risk MDS, enrolled in the Blood and Marrow Transplant Clinical Trials Network 1102 study and assessed the association of gene mutations with OS. Patients with TP53 mutations were classified as TP53multihit if two alleles were altered (via point mutation, deletion, or copy-neutral loss of heterozygosity).RESULTS:The distribution of gene mutations was similar in the donor and no donor arms, with TP53 (28% v 29%; P =.89), ASXL1 (23% v 29%; P =.37), and SRSF2 (16% v 16%; P =.99) being most common. OS in patients with a TP53 mutation was worse compared with patients without TP53 mutation (21% ± 5% [SE] v 52% ± 4% at 3 years; P &lt;.001). Among those with a TP53 mutation, OS was similar between TP53single versus TP53multihit (22% ± 8% v 20% ± 6% at 3 years; P =.31). Considering HCT as a time-dependent covariate, patients with a TP53 mutation who underwent HCT had improved OS compared with non-HCT treatment (OS at 3 years: 23% ± 7% v 11% ± 7%; P =.04), associated with a hazard ratio of 3.89; 95% CI, 1.87 to 8.12; P &lt;.001 after adjustment for covariates. OS among patients with molecular IPSS (IPSS-M) very high risk without a TP53 mutation was significantly improved if they had a donor (68% ± 10% v 0% ± 12% at 3 years; P =.001).CONCLUSION:HCT improved OS compared with non-HCT treatment in patients with TP53 mutations irrespective of TP53 allelic status. Patients with IPSS-M very high risk without a TP53 mutation had favorable outcomes when a donor was available.</p