2,123 research outputs found
Spatial Entanglement From Off-Diagonal Long Range Order in a BEC
We investigate spatial entanglement - particle-number entanglement between
regions of space - in an ideal Bosonic gas. We quantify the amount spatial
entanglement around the transition temperature for condensation by probing the
gas with two localised two-level systems. We show that spatial entanglement in
the gas is directly related to filling of the ground state energy level and
therefore to the off-diagonal long-range order of the system and the onset of
condensation.Comment: 7 pages, 3 figures. Extended from 4 to 7 pages. More detailed
derivations of key formula. Extended introduction and background. Results
remain unchange
New spin squeezing and other entanglement tests for two mode systems of identical bosons
For any quantum state representing a physical system of identical particles, the density operator must satisfy the symmetrization principle (SP) and conform to super-selection rules (SSR) that prohibit coherences between differing total particle numbers. Here we consider bi-partitite states for massive bosons, where both the system and sub-systems are modes (or sets of modes) and particle numbers for quantum states are determined from the mode occupancies. Defining non-entangled or separable states as those prepared via local operations (on the sub-systems) and classical communication processes, the sub-system density operators are also required to satisfy the SP and conform to the SSR, in contrast to some other approaches. Whilst in the presence of this additional constraint the previously obtained sufficiency criteria for entanglement, such as the sum of the ˆSx and ˆSy variances for the Schwinger spin components being less than half the mean boson number, and the strong correlation test of |haˆm (bˆ†)ni|2 being greater than h(aˆ†)maˆm (bˆ†)nbˆni(m, n = 1, 2, . . .) are still valid, new tests are obtained in our work. We show that the presence of spin squeezing in at least one of the spin components ˆSx , ˆSy and ˆSz is a sufficient criterion for the presence of entanglement and a simple correlation test can be constructed of |haˆm (bˆ†)ni|2 merely being greater than zero.We show that for the case of relative phase eigenstates, the new spin squeezing test for entanglement is satisfied (for the principle spin operators), whilst the test involving the sum of the ˆSx and ˆSy variances is not. However, another spin squeezing entanglement test for Bose–Einstein condensates involving the variance in ˆSz being less than the sum of the squared mean values for ˆSx and ˆSy divided by the boson number was based on a concept of entanglement inconsistent with the SP, and here we present a revised treatment which again leads to spin squeezing as an entanglement test
Teleportation of a quantum state of a spatial mode with a single massive particle
Mode entanglement exists naturally between regions of space in ultra-cold
atomic gases. It has, however, been debated whether this type of entanglement
is useful for quantum protocols. This is due to a particle number
superselection rule that restricts the operations that can be performed on the
modes. In this paper, we show how to exploit the mode entanglement of just a
single particle for the teleportation of an unknown quantum state of a spatial
mode. We detail how to overcome the superselection rule to create any initial
quantum state and how to perform Bell state analysis on two of the modes. We
show that two of the four Bell states can always be reliably distinguished,
while the other two have to be grouped together due to an unsatisfied phase
matching condition. The teleportation of an unknown state of a quantum mode
thus only succeeds half of the time.Comment: 12 pages, 1 figure, this paper was presented at TQC 2010 and extends
the work of Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 200502 (2009
Equilibrium and Disorder-induced behavior in Quantum Light-Matter Systems
We analyze equilibrium properties of coupled-doped cavities described by the
Jaynes-Cummings- Hubbard Hamiltonian. In particular, we characterize the
entanglement of the system in relation to the insulating-superfluid phase
transition. We point out the existence of a crossover inside the superfluid
phase of the system when the excitations change from polaritonic to purely
photonic. Using an ensemble statistical approach for small systems and
stochastic-mean-field theory for large systems we analyze static disorder of
the characteristic parameters of the system and explore the ground state
induced statistics. We report on a variety of glassy phases deriving from the
hybrid statistics of the system. On-site strong disorder induces insulating
behavior through two different mechanisms. For disorder in the light-matter
detuning, low energy cavities dominate the statistics allowing the excitations
to localize and bunch in such cavities. In the case of disorder in the light-
matter coupling, sites with strong coupling between light and matter become
very significant, which enhances the Mott-like insulating behavior. Inter-site
(hopping) disorder induces fluidity and the dominant sites are strongly coupled
to each other.Comment: about 10 pages, 12 figure
B-type natriuretic peptide molecular forms for risk stratification and prediction of outcome after acute myocardial infarction
Background: B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) is known to be a risk marker following acute myocardial infarction (MI). More recently, truncated molecular forms of the BNP molecule have been identified, with the association of these forms and outcome in acute MI not known.
The present study investigated their use as risk stratifying biomarkers of this condition.
Methods: BNP molecular forms (BNP 5-32, BNP 4-32 and BNP 3-32) were measured in
plasma from 1,078 acute MI patients using immunocapture followed by MALDI-ToF-mass
spectrometry. Associations of molecular forms with short-term and long-term adverse outcomes were assessed.
Results: BNP molecular forms were independent predictors of mortality/reinfarction,
mortality/rehospitalization due to heart failure, and a composite of all events at 6 months, 1 year and 2 years and showed prognostic ability comparable with conventional BNP measurements (P <0.001-0.026 vs. N-terminal [NT]-proBNP P <0.001-0.020, respectively). Reclassification analyses showed BNP molecular forms successfully reclassified patient risk
when used in addition to the GRACE clinical risk score (P ≤0.005). BNP 5-32 showed utility as a secondary risk stratification biomarker when used in combination with the GRACE score
and NT-proBNP by successful down-classification of high-risk patients.
Conclusions: BNP molecular forms were associated with poor prognosis at 6 months, 1 year and at 2 years in patients with acute MI. BNP 5-32 showed successful utility as a secondary marker in combination with NT-proBNP after GRACE scoring. This study suggests a potential role for BNP molecular forms in prognosis and risk stratification after acute MI
The Impact of a Graded Maximal Exercise Protocol on Exhaled Volatile Organic Compounds:A Pilot Study
Exhaled volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are of interest due to their minimally invasive sampling procedure. Previous studies have investigated the impact of exercise, with evidence suggesting that breath VOCs reflect exercise-induced metabolic activity. However, these studies have yet to investigate the impact of maximal exercise to exhaustion on breath VOCs, which was the main aim of this study. Two-litre breath samples were collected onto thermal desorption tubes using a portable breath collection unit. Samples were collected pre-exercise, and at 10 and 60 min following a maximal exercise test (VO2MAX). Breath VOCs were analysed by thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry using a non-targeted approach. Data showed a tendency for reduced isoprene in samples at 10 min post-exercise, with a return to baseline by 60 min. However, inter-individual variation meant differences between baseline and 10 min could not be confirmed, although the 10 and 60 min timepoints were different (p = 0.041). In addition, baseline samples showed a tendency for both acetone and isoprene to be reduced in those with higher absolute VO2MAX scores (mL(O2)/min), although with restricted statistical power. Baseline samples could not differentiate between relative VO2MAX scores (mL(O2)/kg/min). In conclusion, these data support that isoprene levels are dynamic in response to exercise.</p
Tunneling-percolation origin of nonuniversality: theory and experiments
A vast class of disordered conducting-insulating compounds close to the
percolation threshold is characterized by nonuniversal values of transport
critical exponent t, in disagreement with the standard theory of percolation
which predicts t = 2.0 for all three dimensional systems. Various models have
been proposed in order to explain the origin of such universality breakdown.
Among them, the tunneling-percolation model calls into play tunneling processes
between conducting particles which, under some general circumstances, could
lead to transport exponents dependent of the mean tunneling distance a. The
validity of such theory could be tested by changing the parameter a by means of
an applied mechanical strain. We have applied this idea to universal and
nonuniversal RuO2-glass composites. We show that when t > 2 the measured
piezoresistive response \Gamma, i. e., the relative change of resistivity under
applied strain, diverges logarithmically at the percolation threshold, while
for t = 2, \Gamma does not show an appreciable dependence upon the RuO2 volume
fraction. These results are consistent with a mean tunneling dependence of the
nonuniversal transport exponent as predicted by the tunneling-percolation
model. The experimental results are compared with analytical and numerical
calculations on a random-resistor network model of tunneling-percolation.Comment: 13 pages, 12 figure
Solving the Discretised Multiphase Flow Equations with Interface Capturing on Structured Grids Using Machine Learning Libraries
This paper solves the discretised multiphase flow equations using tools and
methods from machine-learning libraries. The idea comes from the observation
that convolutional layers can be used to express a discretisation as a neural
network whose weights are determined by the numerical method, rather than by
training, and hence, we refer to this approach as Neural Networks for PDEs
(NN4PDEs). To solve the discretised multiphase flow equations, a multigrid
solver is implemented through a convolutional neural network with a U-Net
architecture. Immiscible two-phase flow is modelled by the 3D incompressible
Navier-Stokes equations with surface tension and advection of a volume fraction
field, which describes the interface between the fluids. A new compressive
algebraic volume-of-fluids method is introduced, based on a residual
formulation using Petrov-Galerkin for accuracy and designed with NN4PDEs in
mind. High-order finite-element based schemes are chosen to model a collapsing
water column and a rising bubble. Results compare well with experimental data
and other numerical results from the literature, demonstrating that, for the
first time, finite element discretisations of multiphase flows can be solved
using an approach based on (untrained) convolutional neural networks. A benefit
of expressing numerical discretisations as neural networks is that the code can
run, without modification, on CPUs, GPUs or the latest accelerators designed
especially to run AI codes.Comment: 34 pages, 18 figures, 4 table
Raman spectroscopy analysis of Paleolithic industry from Guadalteba terrace river, Campillos (Guadalteba county, Southern of Iberian Peninsula)
Artículo sobre la aplicación de la espectroscopía ramán a los materiales de la terraza fluvial del Río Guadalteba, en Campillos
Probiotics: current landscape and future horizons
In recent years there has been a rapid rise in interest for the application of probiotic supplements to act as mediators in health and disease. This appeal is predominantly due to ever-increasing evidence of the
interaction of the microbiota and pathophysiological processes of disease within the human host. This narrative review considers the current landscape of the probiotic industry and its research, and discusses current pitfalls in the lack of translation from laboratory science to clinical application. Future considerations into how industry and academia must adapt probiotic research to maximize success are suggested, including more targeted application of probiotic strains dependent on individual capabilities as well as application of multiple advanced analytical technologies to further understand and accelerate microbiome science. Lay abstract: The global market for probiotic supplements is continually expanding. Despite the public perception of benefits provided by probiotics, the evidence to conclusively link probiotic strains to improved characteristics of health or disease is lacking. This is owing, in part, to the lack of large-scale research trials, but also to the insufficient understanding of the interactions occurring within the human system following supplementation. More in-depth research into individual probiotic strains, combined with the application of multiple advanced measurement techniques will provide a future direction for
probiotic research and, in turn, aim to provide useful data to translate into routine healthcare practice
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