Biased Justice: Humanrightsism and the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia

This article thus takes a close look at one of the most important of the elements of the new international legal order which human rights activists promote, the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY). It finds that the ICTY delivers a justice that is biased, with prosecutorial decisions based on the national characteristics of the accused, rather than on what available evidence indicates that he has done. Evidence of this bias is found in the failure to prosecute NATO personnel for acts that are comparable to those of Yugoslavs already indicted, and of failure to prosecute NATO personnel for prima facie war crimes. This pattern of politically driven prosecution is accompanied by the use of the Tribunal as a political tool for those western countries that support it, and especially the United States: put bluntly, the Tribunal prosecutes only those whom the Americans want prosecuted, and the United States government threatens prosecution by the supposedly independent ICTY in order to obtain compliance from political actors in the Balkans. Further, judicial decisions by the ICTY render it extremely difficult if not impossible for an accused to obtain a fair trial, while the Tribunal has also shown a lack of interest in the investigation of potential prosecutorial misconduct

A Historical Overview of Poverty among Blacks in Boston, 1950-1990

Like most nineteenth-century residents of Boston, blacks worked hard to maintain their homes and families. Even before the Civil War, both enslaved and free blacks in freedom\u27s birthplace worked long and arduous hours. Those who migrated to Boston from the South in the 1800s had come to secure higher wages, mobility, and opportunity for themselves and their families. Boston\u27s black population grew from 2,000 in 1850 to 8,125 in 1890, and to 11,591 by 1900. In 1900, 39 percent of black Bostonians were northern-born (New England, New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania), and 53 percent were southern-born. Residential segregation for nineteenth-century blacks in Boston was almost absolute. In fact, according to some accounts, Boston was the most segregated northern city in 1850, and by the late 1800s, ghetto conditions had increased. In 1890, only about 5 percent of black families owned a house, and expenditure of hard-earned money for rent left many black long-term workers poor in old age

The African-American Business Tradition in Boston

African Americans in Boston have been exhibiting their interest and talents in business for a long time. Those in business today are continuing a tradition that goes back to the African culture of preslavery days. Enslaved Africans who were brought to America came from a business tradition, from a culture of great traders, merchants, and craftsmen. Many enslaved blacks, in fact, purchased their freedom by marketing their skilled services and handmade products

A history of the new math movement in the United States

The development and spread of the new math programs of the 1960s had their roots in the revolution in mathematics in the nineteenth century, the progressive education movement, and World War II. In the years 1850-1950, the changes in mathematics gradually filtered down into the colleges. The first high school new math program was initiated in 1951 by the University of Illinois Committee on School Mathematics; The most influential new math program, covering grades K-12, was initiated by the School Mathematics Study Group, formed in 1958. By the mid-1960s, new math programs had been widely adopted at all grade levels;In the secondary schools, new math became the new status quo. In the elementary school, the new math programs were less successful, due to inadequate teacher training and the opposition of many mathematics educators in the progressive tradition. At all levels, the further development of new math programs ended with the 1960s, largely because the forces that brought the new math into being had ceased to exist

William Monroe Trotter: A One-Man Protester for Civil Rights

William Monroe Trotter was the first, the only and the last of Boston’s significant protest leaders for civil rights, equality and justice for black Americans in this century. He gained national stature between 1901 and 1934. Trotter was uncompromising in his demand for complete and immediate equality for black Americans in the early 1900s. His stress on militant protest for integration, legal and voting rights for blacks during the first quarter of this century became the hallmark of the modern civil rights movements of the 1954—65 period. William Monroe Trotter was a man 50 years ahead of his time

The construction of a social studies vocabulary test for teachers in training.

Thesis (Ed.M.)--Boston Universit

Zero-Coupon Yield Curve Estimation with the Package termstrc

Since zero-coupon rates are rarely directly observable, they have to be estimated from market data. In this paper we review several widely-used parametric term structure estimation methods. We propose a weighted constrained optimization procedure with analytical gradients and a globally optimal start parameter search algorithm. Moreover, we introduce the R package termstrc, which offers a wide range of functions for term structure estimation based on static and dynamic coupon bond and yield data sets. It provides extensive summary statistics and plots to compare the results of the different estimation methods. We illustrate the application of the package through practical examples using market data from European government bonds and yields

Competing fantasies of humans and machines: Symbolic convergences in artificial intelligence events coverage

This research analyzes coverage of major artificial intelligence events representing the thematic concept of "man versus machine." Rooted in grounded theory and rhetorical criticism, this research applies symbolic convergence theory and fantasy theme analysis to reporting from The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal and The Washington Post immediately surrounding three cultural and scientific milestones in the development of artificial intelligence technology: IBM Deep Blue's 1997 defeat of chess grandmaster Garry Kasparov; IBM Watson's 2011 defeat of Jeopardy! champions Ken Jennings and Brad Rutter; and Google DeepMind AlphaGo's 2016 defeat of Lee Sedol. This research analyzes how symbolic realities are dramatized in the context of these events such that the competitions themselves represent ideological battles between humanism or technological superiority. This research also demonstrates subtle variations in how fantasy themes and rhetorical visions manifest in coverage from each outlet, amounting to what is effectively a competition for shared consciousness between these two competing ideological constructs

Robert Hayden: 03-03-1975

Hayden talks about being a poor teenager in Detroit trying to write poems like Cullen and Hughes and about his later shift away from specifically African American themes. He sees a parallel between his life and Yeats\u27s life as an Irish poet; both worked to not be limited by their heritages. Hayden uses folk motifs drawn from his own experiences, but seeks inspiration from other sources as well. Hayden bemoans the fact that African American poetry is often treated as sociological writing instead of as literature, and notes a continuation of the literary ghetto that African American writing has long been consigned to. Works discussed include Words in the Morningtime, Full Moon, Selected Poems, How I Write, and Kaleidoscope. Works read include A Ballad of Remembrance, Those Winter Sundays, Night Death in Mississippi, Electrical Storm, Belsen, Day of Liberation, Sub Specie Aeternitatis, and Frederick Douglass.https://digitalcommons.brockport.edu/writers_videos/1038/thumbnail.jp