Preservation and Utilization of Wet Brewer\u27s Grains in Diets of Dairy Heifers

ABSTRACT PRESERVATION AND UTILIZATION OF WET BREWER’S GRAINS IN DIETS OF DAIRY HEIFERS By Eric Hatungimana University of New Hampshire, May 2020 Three experiments were conducted. The objective of Experiment 1 was 2-fold: 1) to evaluate the effect of storage of wet brewer’s grains (WBG) treated with salt or a commercial preservative (PRES) on yeast and mold growth and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and 2) to evaluate in situ dry matter (DM) and protein digestibility of WBG treated with salt and PRES. Seven treatments were used for objective 1: control (0%), PRES (0.05%, 0.10%, 0.15%); or salt (1.4%, 2.6%, 3.8%) and were allocated randomly in duplicate to 14 plastic tubs containing of 48.5 kg of fresh WBG. For objective 2, 3 cannulated cows were used twice (same 3 cows) in a replicated 3×3 Latin square. The WBG was treated with 0% or 0.10% PRES or 2.6% salt and preserved for 1 wk before being used for the in situ experiment. Results showed that WBG treated with PRES had the least yeast counts. The WBG treated with salt (3.8%) and PRES (0.15%) had the least mold counts. Greater IVDMD was observed in WBG treated with salt. Treatment with 2.6% salt resulted in greater in situ DM and protein digestibility. Experiment 2 evaluated the growth performance and apparent total-tract nutrient digestibility of limit-fed diets containing WBG to Holstein heifers. Treatments were 0%, 10% and 20% of WBG on a DM basis, and diets were formulated to be limit-fed for dry matter intake (DMI) at 2.35% of body weight (BW) and provided 15% crude protein (CP) and 2.27 Mcal ME / kg of DM. Results demonstrated that DMI, BW, average daily gain (ADG) were not different among treatments. Skeletal measurements and body condition scores (BCS) were not different among treatments except for the change in heart girth and initial BCS. Apparent total- tract digestibilities of DM, organic matter (OM), CP, fat, and hemicellulose were greater or tended to be greater in heifers fed 0% and 20% WBG treatments than heifers fed 10 % WBG. Neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and fat digestibilities were similar among treatments. During the digestibility phase, DMI tended to be greater for the 10% WBG treatment. Experiment 3 evaluated the effect of storage of WBG with incremental levels of salt on total-tract nutrient digestibility and purine derivative excretion in dairy heifers. Treatments were 0%, 0.8%, 1.6%, and 2.4% salt added to fresh WBG and stored for 4 days before being included in the diet at 20% on the DM basis. Diets (DM basis) were formulated to be limit-fed at 2.15% of BW to provide 14% CP and 2.27 Mcal ME/kg of DM. Results demonstrated that DMI was greater in heifers fed 1.6% salt diet while BW, ADG and feed efficiency were greater in heifers fed diets containing WBG treated with salt. Digestibility of DM, OM, and CP linearly decreased with increasing levels of salt in WBG. Urinary volume, allantoin, and uric acid excretion and total purine derivative excretion were not affected by treating WBG with salt. Mold and yeast counts were not different among treatments. The losses in WBG weight (fresh basis) linearly decreased as salt increased

Political Participation and Political Violence in Advanced Democracies

I take a cross-national analysis of advanced democracies to examine the cause of political violence in advance democracies in order to understand representation. I mainly look at the effect of political participation on political violence. I test a preliminary and the main hypothesis. The preliminary hypothesis confirms an institutional argument that inclusive institutions—that facilitate impartial political participation for the public provide proper avenues for political participation, therefore, mitigating political violence. I expect to see a negative relationship between political violence and regulation of participation. In the second part of the paper, I develop an argument consistent with the existing literature contesting that high voter turnout shows satisfaction with institutions, nonetheless by employing the median voter theorem I take the argument further and demonstrate that higher voter turnout will have a positive relationship with political violence—dissatisfied extremist groups in the margins rejecting the ballot box and opting for political violence. That is, as the majority gives legitimacy to the institutions through voting, extremists, who identify as the political minority, will try to make themselves relevant through political violence. They believe they are being squeezed out of the political space and react by resorting to political violence. I present two cases studies of Germany and Nigeria to develop my main argument. I confirm that inclusive institutions have a negative relationship with political violence and voter turnout do really increase political violence

PAIRWISE CLUSTERS OPTIMIZATION AND CLUSTER MOST SIGNIFICANT FEATURE METHODS FOR ANOMALY-BASED NETWORK INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEM (POC2MSF)

Anomaly-based Intrusion Detection System (IDS) uses known baseline to detect patterns which have deviated from normal behavior. If the baseline is faulty, the IDS performance degrades. Most of researches in IDS which use k-centroids-based clustering methods like K-means, K-medoids, Fuzzy, Hierarchical and agglomerative algorithms to baseline network traffic suffer from high false positive rate compared to signature-based IDS, simply because the nature of these algorithms risk to force some network traffic into wrong profiles depending on K number of clusters needed. In this paper, we propose an alternative method which instead of defining K number of clusters, defines t distance threshold. The unrecognizable IDS; IDS which is neither HIDS nor NIDS is the consequence of using statistical methods for features selection. The speed, memory and accuracy of IDS are affected by inappropriate features reduction method or ignorance of irrelevant features. In this paper, we use two-step features selection and Quality Threshold with Optimization methods to design anomaly-based HIDS and NIDS separately. The performance of our system is 0% ,99.99%, 1,1 false positive rates, accuracy, precision and recall respectively for NIDS and 0%,99.61%, 0.991,0.97 false positive rates, accuracy, precision and recall respectively for HIDS

Assessment of the effects of liquid and granular fertilizers on maize yield in Rwanda

Maize (Zea mays L.) is the most widely grown cereal in the world, accounting for 1,116.34 MT of production in 2019/2020. In Africa, this crop represented approximately 56% of the total cultivated area from 1990 to 2005. About 50% of the African population depends on maize as a staple food and source of carbohydrates, protein, iron, vitamin B, and minerals. Lately, maize has become a cash crop which contributes to the improvement of farmers' livelihoods. For example, the Strategic Plan for Agricultural Transformation (SPAT) III outlined that fertilizer availability in Rwanda should increase to 55,000 MT per year, while fertilizer use should increase from 30 kg/ha in 2013 to 45 kg/ha for the 2017/18 cropping season. Only inorganic fertilizers are currently being used in maize production in Rwanda. This research was conducted to assess the effects of liquid (CBX: Complete Biological Extract) and granular fertilizers on maize crop yields in Rwanda. The study was conducted in the fields of the Rwanda Agriculture and Animal Resources Development Board (Rubona Station) during the 2018/2019 cropping season. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine whether differences between treatments were statistically significant, with the threshold for statistical significance set at p < 0.05. Aboveground biomass differed significantly between treatments, with maximum and minimum values of 11,475 kg and 7,850 kg, respectively, being observed. Furthermore, the harvest index differed significantly between treatments, with minimum and maximum values of 0.2136 and 0.33, respectively, being observed. Grain yield also differed significantly between treatments, with the highest value (3,053 kg/ha) observed for a treatment which applied liquid and granular fertilizer at equal proportions (treatment 8), and the lowest one was found in treatment 3 with 1,852 kg/ha. In this study, the gap between the lowest and highest grain yields was about 39.3%. In conclusion, the combination of organic liquid fertilizer and granular fertilizer can significantly increase the grain yield of maize in Rwanda

Assessment of the effects of liquid and granular fertilizers on maize yield in Rwanda

Maize (Zea mays L.) is the most widely grown cereal in the world, accounting for 1,116.34 MT of production in 2019/2020. In Africa, this crop represented approximately 56% of the total cultivated area from 1990 to 2005. About 50% of the African population depends on maize as a staple food and source of carbohydrates, protein, iron, vitamin B, and minerals. Lately, maize has become a cash crop which contributes to the improvement of farmers' livelihoods. For example, the Strategic Plan for Agricultural Transformation (SPAT) III outlined that fertilizer availability in Rwanda should increase to 55,000 MT per year, while fertilizer use should increase from 30 kg/ha in 2013 to 45 kg/ha for the 2017/18 cropping season. Only inorganic fertilizers are currently being used in maize production in Rwanda. This research was conducted to assess the effects of liquid (CBX: Complete Biological Extract) and granular fertilizers on maize crop yields in Rwanda. The study was conducted in the fields of the Rwanda Agriculture and Animal Resources Development Board (Rubona Station) during the 2018/2019 cropping season. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine whether differences between treatments were statistically significant, with the threshold for statistical significance set at p < 0.05. Aboveground biomass differed significantly between treatments, with maximum and minimum values of 11,475 kg and 7,850 kg, respectively, being observed. Furthermore, the harvest index differed significantly between treatments, with minimum and maximum values of 0.2136 and 0.33, respectively, being observed. Grain yield also differed significantly between treatments, with the highest value (3,053 kg/ha) observed for a treatment which applied liquid and granular fertilizer at equal proportions (treatment 8), and the lowest one was found in treatment 3 with 1,852 kg/ha. In this study, the gap between the lowest and highest grain yields was about 39.3%. In conclusion, the combination of organic liquid fertilizer and granular fertilizer can significantly increase the grain yield of maize in Rwanda

Le café et les pouvoirs au Burundi

Le contact entre le café et le Burundi s’est effectué au début des années 1920, mais son extension a été effective en 1950. Cette nouvelle culture d’exportation allait mobiliser tout le pays, en commençant par la population « indigène ». Elle a pris une grande ampleur économique et politique qui explique la multiplication des acteurs. Les pouvoirs colonial (missionnaires et agents coloniaux) et postcolonial ont vite manifesté leur intérêt face à une production appelée à « révolutionner » le monde rural amené désormais à produire, en plus de la nourriture, de l’argent. Ainsi, le paysan « encadré » allait être capable de financer l’administration coloniale et jouir des bienfaits de la civilisation incarnés par l’acquisition des biens imposés par la modernité comme les cotonnades, les ustensiles de cuisine, les outils agricoles, etc. Indépendamment des époques, le café a été au Burundi au cœur des débats politiques, dans une ambiance où l’économie et les fantasmes ethniques se mêlent finalement. C’est par le biais de cette culture de rente que les différents pouvoirs qui ont été à la tête du pays, depuis la colonisation à nos jours, ont exercé, d’une manière décisive, tout leur poids sur l’économie et la société burundaise. Cette emprise reste intacte, en dépit des débats qui s’ouvrent aujourd’hui sur l’intégration dans le circuit commercial des associations de planteurs. Il est clair que le développement du paysan par le café, tant chanté par les différents régimes, a été entre autres piégé par le « trop d’État » dans le secteur caféier.Coffee and powers in Burundi The contact between coffee and Burundi was established at the beginning of the 1920s, but its extension was effective in 1950. This new culture of export was going to mobilize the whole country, to start with «indigenous». It took a great economic width and policy which explains the multiplication of actors. The colonial (missionaries and colonial agents) and post colonial powers quickly felt interest in this production likely “to revolutionize” the rural area that had to produce for money in addition to food since then. Thus, the supervised peasant was enabled to finance the colonial administration and to enjoy the benefits of civilization through the acquisition of goods imposed by modernity namely the cotton fabrics, the kitchen utensils, the agricultural tools etc. Regardless of the periods, coffee was in Burundi the key issue of political debates, in an environment where the ethnic and economic phantasms finally mix. It is by means of this culture of revenue that the various powers that ruled the country to date back to the colonization period up to now, exerted in a decisive way, all their influence on the economy and the Burundian society. This influence remains intact even today, in spite of the debates aimed at integrating the growers in the network of its commercialization. It is clear that the development of the peasant by means of coffee, so much praised by the various regimes was handicapped by “too much State” in the coffee sector

Les danses rundi en terre étrangère : une étude menée auprès des Barundi de Belgique/

La problématique de l'identité des personnes déplacées d'une culture vers une autre se trouve au centre de cette étude. Les migrants, libres ou forcés, emmènent avec eux leurs pratiques culturelles diverses : la langue, les coutumes, les habitudes, leurs manières de faire, leurs manières d'être et de penser, leurs rituels dansés. Que se passe-t-il dans cette situation d'évolution en dehors du contexte originel qui donne sens et signification ? Les résultats présentés sont le fruit d'un long travail de terrain effectué au sein de la communauté de Barundi de Belgique, combinant observations, participation observante et entretiens semi-directifs. Au Burundi, les rituels dansés rythment la vie quotidienne ; ils sont " labeur, ré-jouissance, convivialité et fête communautaire ". Cependant, la danse est perçue comme " subalterne " dans la vie -du moins pour la plupart des Barundi instruits. A l'étranger, les migrants utilisent la culture d'origine pour gérer des conflits identitaires qu'ils vivent. Ils dansent pour retrouver leurs racines, combler un vide nostalgique, se ré-identifier ; ils dansent pour contribuer à la culture de la différence et préparer la jeunesse à intégrer la société de la multi-appartenance. Ils dansent pour oublier momentanément les contradictions que suscite la situation de réfugié. L'activité aide à écouler des frustrations liées aux difficultés d'intégration socioprofessionnelle. La pratique des danses d'origine est une des réponses de la communauté immigrée et minoritaire au désir de se reconnaître elle-même et de se faire (re)connaître dans la société d'accueil.(EDPH 3)--UCL, 200

Le parler bilingue des Burundais francophones : pratiques et représentations

Doctorat en philosophie et lettres (Philologie romane) -- Université catholique de Louvain, 199

The cause of conflict in Burundi

The cause of the conflict in Burundi is not only that of ethnicity but also poverty