48 research outputs found

    Expressed sequence tags for genes: a review

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    Expressed sequence tags (ESTs) are partial sequences from the extremities of complementary DNA (CDNA) resulting from a single pass sequencing of clones from cDNA libraries, and different ESTs can be obtained from one gene. Sequence information from ESTs can be used for deciphering the function and the organisation of the genome. From a functional viewpoint, they allow the determination of the expression profiles of genes in any particular tissue, in different conditions or status, and thus the identification of regulated genes. In order to identify genes involved in particular processes one can select a specific group of mRNAs. For such a selection, classical techniques include subtraction or differential screening and new techniques, using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification, are now available. For studies on the organisation of the genome the main use of ESTs is the determination of chromosomal localisation of the corresponding genes using a somatic hybrid cell panel. This chromosomal localisation information is needed to identify genes or quantitative trait loci, according to the ’positional candidate’ approach. ESTs also contribute to comparative genetics and they can help to decipher gene function by comparison between species, even genetically distant ones. Thus, combining sequence, functional and localisation data, ESTs contribute to an integrated approach to the genome.Les « Ă©tiquettes » correspondent aux sĂ©quences des extrĂ©mitĂ©s des ADN complĂ©mentaires, obtenues de maniĂšre systĂ©matique Ă  partir d’une seule rĂ©action de sĂ©quençage. Cependant, Ă  partir d’un seul gĂšne plusieurs Ă©tiquettes diffĂ©rentes peuvent ĂȘtre obtenues : celles qui correspondent aux deux extrĂ©mitĂ©s de l’ADN complĂ©mentaire, aux ADN complĂ©mentaires de tailles diffĂ©rentes synthĂ©tisĂ©s Ă  partir d’un mĂȘme ARN messager, et aux diffĂ©rents ARN messagers issus d’une mĂȘme sĂ©quence d’ADN gĂ©nomique. L’identification des gĂšnes correspondants est faite par comparaison avec les sĂ©quences nuclĂ©iques ou protĂ©iques contenues dans les bases de donnĂ©es publiques (GenBank ou EMBL, SwissProt), en utilisant des logiciels d’alignement automatique tels que FASTA ou BLAST. Les sĂ©quences annotĂ©es des Ă©tiquettes sont stockĂ©es dans une base de donnĂ©es particuliĂšre, dbEST, et soumises rĂ©guliĂšrement Ă  des tests de comparaison avec les bases de donnĂ©es citĂ©es. En raison de la prĂ©sence d’une longue rĂ©gion non codante Ă  l’extrĂ©mitĂ© 3’ des ARN messagers, les Ă©tiquettes de l’extrĂ©mitĂ© 3’ sont souvent non informatives. La comparaison des Ă©tiquettes entre elles permet d’essayer de regrouper celles qui peuvent appartenir Ă  un mĂȘme gĂšne et de dĂ©terminer ainsi une sĂ©quence consensus, plus longue et donc plus informative. Au niveau fonctionnel, les Ă©tiquettes permettent d’établir les profils d’expression des gĂšnes d’un tissu donnĂ© dans diffĂ©rentes situations physiologiques ou expĂ©rimentales et donc d’identifier les gĂšnes qui sont rĂ©gulĂ©s. Ces profils sont Ă©tablis en utilisant les Ă©tiquettes pour mesurer la frĂ©quence des diffĂ©rents ADNc dans une gĂ©nothĂšque prĂ©parĂ©e Ă  partir de ce tissu dans les diffĂ©rentes conditions Ă©tudiĂ©es. Dans une nouvelle stratĂ©gie, la SAGE (Serial Analysis of Gene expression), des Ă©tiquettes d’une dizaine de nuclĂ©otides sont collectĂ©es, mises bout Ă  bout et sĂ©quencĂ©es en sĂ©rie, ce qui permet d’accĂ©lĂ©rer l’acquisition de ces profils d’expression. Une autre approche est basĂ©e sur l’hybridation d’un grand nombre de clones dĂ©posĂ©s sur une mĂȘme membrane en nylon «filtres haute densitĂ© », ou, dans un format miniature, sur une lame de verre, « microarrays». Pour identifier les gĂšnes impliquĂ©s dans des processus bien dĂ©finis, diffĂ©rentes stratĂ©gies de soustraction ou de comparaison permettent de sĂ©lectionner une population particuliĂšre d’ARN messagers ; les techniques les plus rĂ©centes utilisent l’amplification par PCR. Au niveau de l’organisation du gĂ©nome, les Ă©tiquettes contribuent au dĂ©veloppement de la cartographie gĂ©nique : les gĂšnes correspondants sont localisĂ©s en utilisant un panel d’hybrides somatiques, les amorces nĂ©cessaires pour amplifier l’ADN des hybrides sont choisies grĂące aux informations de sĂ©quence fournies par les Ă©tiquettes. Cette information de localisation chromosomique est indispensable pour identifier les gĂšnes responsables des caractĂšres Ă©tudiĂ©s par une stratĂ©gie de gĂšne candidat positionnel. L’utilisation d’étiquettes d’une autre espĂšce peut Ă©galement permettre d’effectuer ces localisations et donc de dĂ©velopper des cartes comparĂ©es entre espĂšces qui mettent en Ă©vidence une certaine conservation de l’organisation des gĂšnes sur les chromosomes. Enfin, la conservation des gĂšnes n’est pas limitĂ©e Ă  la sĂ©quence et Ă  l’organisation : grĂące aux Ă©tiquettes, des analogies fonctionnelles de gĂšnes appartenant Ă  des espĂšces gĂ©nĂ©tiquement Ă©loignĂ©es ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©crites et sont recherchĂ©es systĂ©matiquement pour identifier la fonction des gĂšnes. Ainsi, en permettant de combiner des donnĂ©es de sĂ©quence, d’expression et de localisation chromosomique, les Ă©tiquettes participent au dĂ©veloppement d’une approche intĂ©grĂ©e du gĂ©nome

    Functional study and regional mapping of 44 hormono-regulated genes isolated from a porcine granulosa cell library

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    cDNA clones from a pig granulosa cell cDNA library were isolated by differential hybridisation for follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) regulation in granulosa cells in a previous study. The clones that did not match any known sequence were studied for their expression in granulosa cells (treated or not by FSH) and in fresh isolated ovarian follicles mainly by comparative RT-PCR analysis. These results give functional data on genes that may be implicated in follicular growing. These ESTs have been localised on the porcine genome, using a somatic cell hybrid panel, providing new type I markers on the porcine map and information on the comparative map between humans and pigs

    A pig multi-tissue normalised cDNA library: large-scale sequencing, cluster analysis and 9K micro-array resource generation

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    <p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Domestic animal breeding and product quality improvement require the control of reproduction, nutrition, health and welfare in these animals. It is thus necessary to improve our knowledge of the major physiological functions and their interactions. This would be greatly enhanced by the availability of expressed gene sequences in the databases and by cDNA arrays allowing the transcriptome analysis of any function.</p> <p>The objective within the AGENAE French program was to initiate a high-throughput cDNA sequencing program of a 38-tissue normalised library and generate a diverse microarray for transcriptome analysis in pig species.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We constructed a multi-tissue cDNA library, which was normalised and subtracted to reduce the redundancy of the clones. Expressed Sequence Tags were produced and 24449 high-quality sequences were released in EMBL database. The assembly of all the public ESTs (available through SIGENAE website) resulted in 40786 contigs and 54653 singletons. At least one Agenae sequence is present in 11969 contigs (12.5%) and in 9291 of the deeper-than-one-contigs (22.8%). Sequence analysis showed that both normalisation and subtraction processes were successful and that the initial tissue complexity was maintained in the final libraries. A 9K nylon cDNA microarray was produced and is available through CRB-GADIE. It will allow high sensitivity transcriptome analyses in pigs.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>In the present work, a pig multi-tissue cDNA library was constructed and a 9K cDNA microarray designed. It contributes to the Expressed Sequence Tags pig data, and offers a valuable tool for transcriptome analysis.</p

    The GENETPIG database: a tool for comparative mapping in pig (Sus scrofa)

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    The GENETPIG database has been established for storing and disseminating the results of the European project: ‘GENETPIG: identification of genes controlling economic traits in pig'. The partners of this project have mapped about 630 porcine and human ESTs onto the pig genome. The database collects the mapping results and links them to other sources of mapping data; this includes pig maps as well as available comparative mapping information. Functional annotation of the mapped ESTs is also given when a significant similarity to cognate genes was established. The database is accessible for consultation via the Internet at http://www.infobiogen.fr/services/Genetpi

    Functional genomics reproduction in farm animals

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    International audienc

    Functional genomics female fertility

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    International audienc

    Functional genomics and reproduction in farm animals

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    International audienc
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