A logic for reasoning about time and reliability

We present a logic for stating properties such as, "after a request for service there is at least a 98\045 probability that the service will be carried out within 2 seconds". The logic extends the temporal logic CTL by Emerson, Clarke and Sistla with time and probabilities. Formulas are interpreted over discrete time Markov chains. We give algorithms for checking that a given Markov chain satis- fies a formula in the logic. The algorithms require a polynomial number of arithmetic operations, in size of both the formula and\003This research report is a revised and extended version of a paper that has appeared under the title "A Framework for Reasoning about Time and Reliability" in the Proceeding of the 10thIEEE Real-time Systems Symposium, Santa Monica CA, December 1989. This work was partially supported by the Swedish Board for Technical Development (STU) as part of Esprit BRA Project SPEC, and by the Swedish Telecommunication Administration.1the Markov chain. A simple example is included to illustrate the algorithms

The Danish royal flagship gribshunden : Dendrochronology on a late medieval carvel sunk in the Baltic Sea

The Royal flagship Gribshunden carried the Danish King Hans on its way to the city of Kalmar in Sweden when the ship sank in the summer of 1495. The ship caught fire while anchored north of the Stora Ek o Island and sank to the seafloor, where it lies to this day. The wreck was rediscovered in the 1970s and is remarkably well preserved.Since 2001, scientific investigations have been performed on the wreck by various organizations. In total, 13 dendrochronological samples from different parts of the ship construction have been collected and analyzed with standard dendrochronological methods with respect to age and provenance. The results show that all dated samples could have been felled during the winter season of 1482/83, although only one sample contains sapwood and waney edge. The highest correlations are obtained from reference chronologies that originate from the River Meuse drainage area, with correlations peaking around the city of Namur in Belgium. Most likely, theship was constructed in a shipyard close to the mouth of the River Meuse in the southern Netherlands. It seems King Hans realized the potential of the new ship type represented by Gribshunden, but his shipwrights did not have the knowledge to build such a ship in Denmark. Instead, he purchased the ship from abroad. This studyhighlights late medieval economic and political connections throughout northern Europe

Gauge independent description of Aharonov-Bohm Effect

The Aharonov-Bohm (AB) effect is a pure quantum effect that implies a measurable phase shift in the wave function for a charged particle that encircles a magnetic flux located in a region \textit{inaccessible} to the particle. Classically, such a non-local effect appears to be impossible since the Lorentz force depends on only the magnetic field at the location of the particle. In quantum mechanics, the Hamiltonian, and thus the Schr\"odinger equation, has a local coupling between the current due to the particle, and the electromagnetic vector potential $\mathbf{A}$, which extends to the entire space beyond the region with finite magnetic field. This has sometimes been interpreted as meaning that in quantum mechanics $\mathbf{A}$ is in some sense more "fundamental" than $\mathbf {B}$ in spite of the former being gauge dependent, and thus unobservable. Here we shall, with a general proof followed by a few examples, demonstrate that the AB-effect can be fully accounted for by considering only the gauge invariant $\mathbf{B}$ field, as long as it is included as part of the quantum action of the entire isolated system. The price for the gauge invariant formulation is that we must give up locality -- the AB-phase for the particle will arise from the change in the action for the $\mathbf{B}$ field in the region inaccessible to the particle

Charge Fractionalization on Quantum Hall Edges

We discuss the propagation and fractionalization of localized charges on the edges of quantum Hall bars of variable widths, where interactions between the edges give rise to Luttinger liquid behavior with a non-trivial interaction parameter g. We focus in particular on the separation of an initial charge pulse into a sharply defined front charge and a broader tail. The front pulse describes an adiabatically dressed electron which carries a non-integer charge, which is \sqrt{g} times the electron charge. We discuss how the presence of this fractional charge can, in principle, be detected through measurements of the noise in the current created by tunneling of electrons into the system. The results are illustrated by numerical simulations of a simplified model of the Hall bar.Comment: 15 page

PREPARATION OF PLASMA MEMBRANE FROM ISOLATED NEURONS

A bulk fraction enriched with respect to neuronal cell bodies was used as starting material for the isolation of neuronal plasma membrane The cells were gently homogenized in isotonic sucrose and a crude membrane containing fraction sedimented at 3000 g. Subsequently, the membrane fraction was purified on a discontinuous sucrose density gradient between 35% and 25 5% sucrose (w/w). Enzymatic analyses showed a 4–5-fold enrichment in plasma membrane markers, and a 10–15% contamination of mitochondrial and microsomal material. Electron micrographs of the membrane fraction confirmed the enzymatic data Fragmented membranes were found, mainly in vesicular form No ribosomes, but a few mitochondria and some multilamellar membranes were see