THE EFFECTS OF PREBLENDING TIME ON SAUSAGE TEXTURE

The objective of this research was to characterize the effects of preblending time on the textural properties of fine and coarse ground sausages. The effects of preblending time on coarse ground sausage texture was investigated in two studies. Raw materials (pork, beef) were preblended with salt, nitrite and water, held at 0-2(DEGREES)C for 0, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48 hr (study I) or 0, 4, 8, 12, 16 hr and 48, 96, 144, 196 or 240 hr (study II) and manufactured into polish sausages (rep = 2/study). Treatments were scheduled for simultaneous thermal processing. Means for product traits peaked between 8 and 12 hr and then decreased (study I). In study II, expressible moisture (EM), raw batter stability, processing yield (PY), Instron compression (CO) and protein solubilization increased from 0-16 hr. No differences were observed for EM, PY and CO and in SEM micrographs for the 48-240 hr interval. The effects of preblending on textural properties occur rapidly (0-16 hr), reach a maximum and either remain constant or diminish as preblending time increases (48-240 hr) for coarse ground sausages. The influence of preblending time on the textural characteristics of fine ground sausages was investigated by preblending raw materials (pork, beef) with salt, nitrite and water, holding at 0-2(DEGREES)C for 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 48 or 72 hrs and subsequently manufacturing into frankfurters (rep = 3). The pork preblends decreased in expressible moisture in both the short and long term preblending periods (P \u3c 0.05). Preblend extrusion bind generally increased as preblending time increased. Raw batter stability, processing yield and consumer cook shrinkage was not influenced (P \u3e 0.05) by preblending time. Preblending time diminished the color values for the frankfurthers from 0-24 hr (P \u3c 0.05), and maintained this decrease in extended preblending times (P \u3e 0.05). The textural parameters (Kramer shear, compression) were not significantly influenced (P \u3e 0.05) by preblending time. The increased protein interactions and bind found in raw material preblends were lost during frankfurter processing. This research indicates that preblending does not improve the textural properties of fine ground sausages and only increases the textural response for coarse ground sausages when preblending time is short (0-16 hr)

Combined adsorption isotherms for measuring the adsorption capacity of fly ash in concrete

Fly ash, a solid waste generated from coal burning, can replace up to 70% of the cement in concrete and reduce environmental impact, cost of construction, and power generation. However, the lack of fly ash adsorption capacity measurement tools limits this type of fly ash beneficial utilization. This article presents the combined adsorption isotherms as a tool for the accurate measurement of the adsorption capacity of fly ash in concrete. The combined adsorption isotherms are simpler yet more accurate than the separate adsorption isotherms for quantifying the adsorption of air entraining admixtures (AEAs) by fly ash in concrete. Instead of performing two separate isotherms, one for cement and another for fly ash, enough mass of cement is added to all fly ash isotherm points to achieve full chemisorption. Blank isotherm points, consisting of the AEA and cement, determine the initial concentrations of AEA available for adsorption. Any AEA concentration reduction caused by the various masses of fly ash in the remainder isotherm points is considered physical adsorption. The difference between the two AEA concentrations is used to determine the adsorption capacity of the fly ash. This approach reduces the fly ash adsorption isotherm test procedure to one isotherm and provides a more simplified form of testing. It also eliminates the need to use judgment in determining the AEA partitioning coefficient from a multipoint cement isotherm. This paper presents the test development and application on Vinsol resin admixture with eight fly ashes. The results obtained from these isotherms were used to make AEA dose adjustment predictions to compensate for the AEA adsorption onto the fly ash for cement mortars and concrete with 25% fly ash replacement. All dose adjustments succeeded in producing the target air void content in cement mortars and concrete mixes. © 2014 American Chemical Society

Preparation of a novel TiO \u3c inf\u3e 2 -based p-n junction nanotube photocatalyst

TiO2 nanotube semiconductors contain free spaces in their interior that can be filled with active materials such as chemical compounds, enzymes, and noble metals, giving them a fundamental advantage over colloids. Although the unique shape of semiconductor nanotubes makes them promising for a range of potential applications, significant developmental research is required. In this research, a novel TiO2 nanotube photocatalyst was prepared that has a p-n junction. The photocatalyst particle surface is physically divided into reduction and oxidation surfaces, which poses a potential driving force for the transport of photogenerated charge carriers. The structure of this nanotube catalyst was characterized using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The catalyst activity was evaluated by coating the catalyst on HEPA filters and determining the destruction rate of toluene in air. The p-n junction nanotube catalyst was shown to have a much higher photocatalytic destruction rate than that of commercially available, nonnanotube structured material, and a higher destruction rate for nanotube catalysts that did not contain a p-n junction. © 2005 American Chemical Society

Comparing the Structure, Size, and Performance of Local and Mainstream Food Supply Chains

A series of coordinated case studies compares the structure, size, and performance of local food supply chains with those of mainstream supply chains. Interviews and site visits with farms and businesses, supplemented with secondary data, describe how food moves from farms to consumers in 15 food supply chains. Key comparisons between supply chains include the degree of product differentiation, diversification of marketing outlets, and information conveyed to consumers about product origin. The cases highlight differences in prices and the distribution of revenues among supply chain participants, local retention of wages and proprietor income, transportation fuel use, and social capital creation

EC86-219 1986 Nebraska Swine Report

This 1986 Nebraska Swine Report was prepared by the staff in Animal Science and cooperating departments for use in the Extension and Teaching programs at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. Authors from the following areas contributed to this publication: Swine Nutrition, swine diseases, pathology, economics, engineering, swine breeding, meats, agronomy, and diagnostic laboratory. It covers the following areas: breeding, disease control, feeding, nutrition, economics, housing and meats

Everyday victimization of adolescent girls by boys: sexual harassment, bullying or aggression?

School-based sexual harassment of adolescent girls by boys appears commonplace, yet aggression and bullying studies rarely yield sexualized material. This qualitative Australian study with 72 14- to 15-year-olds and 7 teachers aimed to discover whether interviewer use of neutral language in gender-segregated focus groups and interviews would yield material indicating that the victimization of girls by boys is sexualized. Verbal and indirect victimization were reported to be everyday occurrences, and almost entirely sexual. Findings are discussed in the light of definitions of sexual harassment, bullying and aggression. It is concluded that the term "sexual bullying" appropriately captures the gendered power structure underlying these behaviors. As such, they need to be understood, and become visible, more broadly than in terms of individual pathology. © 2007 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.C