First human study in treatment of unresectable liver metastases from colorectal cancer with irinotecan-loaded beads (DEBIRI)

The objective of this pilot clinical study was to assess the safety, technical feasibility, pharmacokinetic (PK) profile and tumour response of DC Bead™ with irinotecan (DEBIRI™) delivered by intra-arterial embolisation for the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer. Eleven patients with unresectable liver metastases from CRC, tumour burden <30% of liver volume, adequate haematological, liver and renal function, performance status of <2 were included in this study. Patients received up to 4 sessions of TACE with DEBIRI at 3-week intervals. Feasibility of the procedure, safety and tumour response were assessed after each cycle. PK was measured after the first cycle. Patients were followed up to 24 weeks. Only mild to moderate adverse events were observed. DEBIRI is a technically feasibile procedure; no technical complications were observed. Average Cmax for irinotecan and SN-38 was 194 ng/ml and 16.7 ng/ml, respectively, with average t½ of 4.6 h and 12.4 h following administration of DEBIRI. Best overall response during the study showed disease control in 9 patients (2 patients with partial response and 7 with stable disease, overall response rate of 18%). Our study shows that transarterial chemoembolisation with irinotecan-loaded DC beads (DEBIRI) is safe, technically feasible and effective with a good PK profile

Magnetresonanztomographie der Leber : Evaluation des neuen hepatobiliären, leberspezifischen Kontrastmittels Gd-EOB-DTPA für die Detektion und Charakterisierung von fokalen Leberläsionen

In den letzten Jahren hat eine rasante Entwicklung der Gerätetechnik sowohl der CT als auch der MRT stattgefunden und eine Änderung der Untersuchungsverfahren im Bereich der Schnittbildtechnik ausgelöst. Parallel dazu sind durch die Einführung von MRT-Kontrastmitteln neuartige Untersuchungsprotokolle entstanden. Deshalb muß eine ständige Reevaluierung der einzelnen Untersuchungsverfahren erfolgen. Organ- bzw. gewebespezifische Kontrastmittel sind den extrazellulären nicht-spezifi-schen MRT-Kontrastmitteln nicht gleichzusetzen. Mit dem neu entwickelten Kontrast-mittel Gd-EOB-DTPA steht für die MRT ein neues leberspezifisches KM zur Verfü-gung, welches in Kürze in routinemäßige Untersuchungen übergehen wird. Es ermöglicht die sichere Unterscheidung von lebereigenem bzw. hepatozyten-reichem Gewebe durch eine direkte Aufnahme des Kontrastmittels in die Leberzelle selbst. Maligne Lebertumoren, wie z. B. Metastasen, die keine Hepatozyten besitzen, zeigen keine Speicherung der hepatobiliären, leberspezifischen Substanz. Bis zum heutigen Tage sind die Erfahrungen mit diesem neuen Kontrastmittel gering. Aus diesem Grund sollten im Rahmen einer prospektiven Zulassungsstudie Erfahrungen mit der neuartigen Substanz gesammelt werden. Insgesamt wurden 60 Patienten in die beschriebene Studie eingeschlossen. Bei allen Patienten wurde eine nicht-kontrastverstärkte MRT, eine kontrastverstärkte MRT mit Gd-EOB-DTPA als auch eine Spiral-CT der Leber erstellt. In der vorliegenden Studie wurde sowohl die Detektion als auch die Charakterisierung in Korrelation mit einem genau definierten Referenzstandard evaluiert. Die Ergebnisse der vorgestellten Studie indizieren, daß es sich bei Gd-EOB-DTPA um ein sicheres, nebenwirkungarmes Kontrastmittel für die MRT handelt. Das besondere an diesem neuartigen Kontrastmittel ist, daß mit einer intravenösen Appli-kation unterschiedliche Perfusionsphasen dargestellt werden können. Im einzelnen handelt es sich um die intravasale Phase zur Darstellung der Vaskularität, die Parenchym- oder hepatobiliären Phase zur Detektion und Charakterisierung, sowie die Ausscheidungsphase zur Darstellung der Gallengänge. Die sichere intravenöse Bolusgabe des hepatobiliären Kontrastmittels ermöglicht zum einen dynamische Perfusionsbildgebung, zum anderen aber auch statische leberspezifische Hepa-tozytenbildgebung und damit funktionelle Leberbildgebung. Die MRT unter Verwendung des neuen Kontrastmittels Gd-EOB-DTPA stellt eine adäquate diagnostische Methode für die Detektion, Lokalisierung, exakte Abgren-zung und Charakterisierung von fokalen Leberläsionen dar, die der nicht-kontrast-verstärkten MRT und der Spiral-CT überlegen ist. Die Detektionsrate ist verbessert gegenüber der biphasischen Spiral-CT mit einer gering höheren Rate von detektierten kleinen Läsionen. Zusätzliche Informationen bezüglich der Ätiologie werden sowohl durch dynamische als auch statische MRT-Bildgebung für die Klassifizierung von malignen versus benignen Leberläsionen als auch für die Charakterisierung nach Läsionstyp erhoben. Anhand der durchgeführten Untersuchungen konnte ein Verhaltensmuster der unterschiedlichen Pathologien für dieses neue Kontrastmittel dargestellt werden. Metastasen weisen je nach ihrem Vaskularisationsgrad eine unterschiedliche An-reicherung in der Perfusionsphase auf, während sie in der hepatobiliären Phase als Kontrastmittelaussparung zur Darstellung kommen. Lebereigene Läsionen wie die FNH besitzen Hepatozyten, nehmen das leberspezifische Kontrastmittel auf, sind vergleichbar mit normalen Lebergewebe und lassen sich gut von leberfremden Ge-webe abgrenzen. Die hepatozellulären Karzinome zeigen in Frühphase eine deut-liche meist in der Peripherie gelegene Hyperperfusion. In der hepatobiliären Phase ist die KM-Aufnahme abhängig vom Differenzierungsgrad. Undifferenzierte HCCs verhalten sich wie leberfremdes Gewebe und nehmen kein KM auf, während beim gut differenzierten HCC eine diskrete Aufnahme gefunden werden kann. Die hohe Sensitivität bezüglich Detektion aber auch eine hervorragende Klassifi-zierung und Charakterisierung ermöglichen eine gezielte und genaue weitere Pla-nung der Therapie der Patienten. Mittels EOB-MRT ist eine präzise Diagnose des Leberparenchyms mit Hepatozytenfunktion als auch Perfusionsstudien in einem Untersuchungsgang möglich. Die Bildgebung der Hepatozytenphase kann 20 Minuten nach Injektion des hepatobiliären Kontrastmittels erstellt werden und ermöglicht damit eine Zeitersparnis und Kostenreduzierung im Vergleich zu den anderen hepatobiliären Kontrastmitteln. In der täglichen Routine, das prätherapeutischen Management von Patienten bei fokalen Leberläsionen betreffend, sollte nach den vorliegenden Ergebnissen eine leberspezifische MRT durchgeführt werden.The last years have seen dramatic changes in the technical development of modalities regarding CT and MRI and have resulted in several changes in cross-sectional examination technique. Due to the development of contrast agents, sequence protocols have been redesigned. Therefore, an ongoing reevaluation of the different examination techniques has to be performed. Organ- and tissue-specific contrast agents cannot be compared to non-specific extracellular MRI contrast agents. The newly developed contrast agent Gd-EOB-DTPA can be used in MRI as a new liver-specific contrast medium, which will soon be available in daily clinical routine. Thus, a precise differentiation between liver tissue and hepatocytic tissue becomes possible due to a direct uptake of the contrast agent in the liver cell itself. Malignant liver tumors, such as metastases, do not contain any hepatocytes and show no uptake of the hepatobiliary, liver-specific substance. Until today little is known about this new contrast agent. Therefore a prospective study for approval was performed to obtain more information on this new substance. 60 patients were included in the study. All patients underwent unenhanced MRI, contrast-enhanced MRI using Gd-EOB-DTPA and spiral CT of the liver. Detection as well as characterization were evaluated in correlation to a well defined standard of reference. The results of the present study document that Gd-EOB-DTPA is a safe and well-tolerated contrast agent for MRI. The principle of this new contrast medium is to perform different perfusion phases with one intravenous administration. The intra-vascular phase is performed to provide information on vascularity, the parenchymal or hepatobiliary phase for detection and characterization and the distribution phase to visualize the biliary system. The safe intravenous bolus administration of the hepatobiliary contrast agent enables on the one hand dynamic perfusion imaging, on the other hand static liver-specific hepatocyte imaging and thus functional liver imaging. The use of the new contrast agent Gd-EOB-DTPA for MRI is an adequate diagnostic method for the detection, localisation, precise delineation and characterization of focal liver lesions. It is superior to unenhanced MRI and spiral CT. The detection rate is increased compared to bi-phasic spiral CT with a slightly higher rate of depicted small lesions. Additional information regarding etiology is obtained using dynamic as well as static MR imaging for the classification of malignant versus benign liver lesions and for the characterization according to lesion type. In this study enhancement patterns of various pathologies were presented using this new contrast agent. Metastases show different enhancement behaviors according to their vascularity in the perfusion phase, whereas almost no uptake of contrast material is depicted in the hepatobiliary phase. Liver tissue and hepatocytic tissue such as the FNH contain hepatocytes therefore demonstrating contrast medium enhancement comparable to normal liver tissue and can be differentiated from non-liver tissue. Hepatocellular carcinomas show a peripheral hypervascularity in the early phase. In the hepatobiliary phase contrast media uptake depends on the grading. Undifferentiated HCC reacts like non-liver tissue and shows no uptake of contrast medium, whereas the highly differentiated HCC is seen with a moderate enhancement. A high sensitivity concerning detection as well as an excellent classification and characterization provides an adequate management of therapy in patients. Using EOB-MRI a precise diagnosis of liver parenchyma regarding function of hepatocytes as well as perfusion studies can be obtained as an all-in-one method. Imaging in the hepatobiliary phase is obtained 20 minutes post administration of the hepatobiliary contrast medium and is therefore less time-consuming and helps to reduce costs compared to other hepatobiliary contrast agents. Concerning the pre-therapeutic management of patients suffering from focal liver lesions a liver-specific MRI should be performed in the daily clinical routine according to the data of the present study

Evaluation of two different transarterial chemoembolization protocols using Lipiodol and degradable starch microspheres in therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective trial

Background: This prospective randomized trial is designed to compare the performance of conventional transarterial chemoembolization (cTACE) using Lipiodol-only with additional use of degradable starch microspheres (DSM) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in BCLC-stage-B based on metric tumor response. Methods: Sixty-one patients (44 men; 17 women; range 44–85) with HCC were evaluated in this IRB-approved HIPPA compliant study. The treatment protocol included three TACE-sessions in 4-week intervals, in all cases with Mitomycin C as a chemotherapeutic agent. Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed prior to the first and 4 weeks after the last TACE. Two treatment groups were determined using a randomization sheet: In 30 patients, TACE was performed using Lipiodol only (group 1). In 31 cases Lipiodol was combined with DSMs (group 2). Response according to tumor volume, diameter, mRECIST criteria, and the development of necrotic areas were analyzed and compared using the Mann–Whitney-U, Kruskal–Wallis-H-test, and Spearman-Rho. Survival data were analyzed using the Kaplan–Meier estimator. Results: A mean overall tumor volume reduction of 21.45% (± 62.34%) was observed with an average tumor volume reduction of 19.95% in group 1 vs. 22.95% in group 2 (p = 0.653). Mean diameter reduction was measured with 6.26% (± 34.75%), for group 1 with 11.86% vs. 4.06% in group 2 (p = 0.678). Regarding mRECIST criteria, group 1 versus group 2 showed complete response in 0 versus 3 cases, partial response in 2 versus 7 cases, stable disease in 21 versus 17 cases, and progressive disease in 3 versus 1 cases (p = 0.010). Estimated overall survival was in mean 33.4 months (95% CI 25.5–41.4) for cTACE with Lipiosol plus DSM, and 32.5 months (95% CI 26.6–38.4), for cTACE with Lipiodol-only (p = 0.844), respectively. Conclusions: The additional application of DSM during cTACE showed a significant benefit in tumor response according to mRECIST compared to cTACE with Lipiodol-only. No benefit in survival time was observed

Gadobutrol in Renally Impaired Patients

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the potential risk of gadobutrol-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients with moderate to severe renal impairment for the development of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF). Materials and Methods: We performed a prospective, international, multicenter, open-label study in 55 centers. Patients with moderate to severe renal impairment scheduled for any gadobutrol-enhanced MRI were included. All patients received a single intravenous bolus injection of gadobutrol at a dose of 0.1 mmol/kg body weight. The primary target variable was the number of patients who develop NSF within a 2-year follow-up period. Results: A total of 908 patients were enrolled, including 586 with moderate and 284 with severe renal impairment who are at highest risk for developing NSF. The mean time since renal disease diagnosis was 1.83 and 5.49 years in the moderate and severe renal impairment cohort, respectively. Overall, 184 patients (20.3%) underwent further contrast-enhanced MRI with other gadolinium-based contrast agents within the 2-year follow-up. No patient developed symptoms conclusive of NSF. Conclusions: No safety concerns with gadobutrol in patients with moderate to severe renal impairment were identified. There were no NSF cases

Quadruple-phase MDCT of the liver in patients with suspected hepatocellular carcinoma: Effect of contrast material flow rate

OBJECTIVE. The purposes of this study were to evaluate the effect of contrast material flow rate (3 mL/sec vs 5 mL/sec) on the detection and visualization of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with MDCT and the safety profile of iodixanol at different injection rates. SUBJECTS AND METHODS. In a prospective, randomized multicenter trial, 97 patients (83 men and 14 women, with a mean age of 64 years) suspected of having HCC underwent quadruple-phase (double arterial, portal venous, delayed phase) 4- 16-MDCT. Patients were randomized to receive iodixanol, 320 mg I/mL (1.5 mL/kg body weight), at a flow rate of 3 mL/sec (48 patients) or 5 mL/sec (49 patients). Qualitative (lesion detection, image quality) and quantitative (liver and aortic enhancement, tumor-liver contrast) analyses and safety assessment were performed. RESULTS. Overall, 145 HCCs were detected in the 5 mL/sec group and 100 HCCs in the 3 mL/sec group (p < 0.05). More lesions equal to or less than I cm were detected at 5 mL/sec (33 vs 16 lesions). The late arterial phase showed significantly more lesions than the early, arterial phase (133 vs 100 and 96 vs 67 lesions, respectively, p < 0.0001). Hyperattenuating HCCs were better visualized in the late arterial phase at 5 mL/sec (excellent visualization: 54% vs 27%). Using a flow of 5 mL/sec did not increase the rate of patient discomfort or contrast media-related adverse events. Most discomfort in both groups was of mild intensity and there was no severe discomfort. CONCLUSION. For detection of HCC with MDCT, a higher flow rate of 5 mL/sec is recommended. Visualization of hyperattenuating HCC is improved with no greater discomfort or adverse events

Comparison of machine learning algorithms to predict clinically significant prostate cancer of the peripheral zone with multiparametric MRI using clinical assessment categories and radiomic features

Objectives: To analyze the performance of radiological assessment categories and quantitative computational analysis of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps using variant machine learning algorithms to differentiate clinically significant versus insignificant prostate cancer (PCa). Methods: Retrospectively, 73 patients were included in the study. The patients (mean age, 66.3 ± 7.6 years) were examined with multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) prior to radical prostatectomy (n = 33) or targeted biopsy (n = 40). The index lesion was annotated in MRI ADC and the equivalent histologic slides according to the highest Gleason Grade Group (GrG). Volumes of interest (VOIs) were determined for each lesion and normal-appearing peripheral zone. VOIs were processed by radiomic analysis. For the classification of lesions according to their clinical significance (GrG ≥ 3), principal component (PC) analysis, univariate analysis (UA) with consecutive support vector machines, neural networks, and random forest analysis were performed. Results: PC analysis discriminated between benign and malignant prostate tissue. PC evaluation yielded no stratification of PCa lesions according to their clinical significance, but UA revealed differences in clinical assessment categories and radiomic features. We trained three classification models with fifteen feature subsets. We identified a subset of shape features which improved the diagnostic accuracy of the clinical assessment categories (maximum increase in diagnostic accuracy ΔAUC = + 0.05, p < 0.001) while also identifying combinations of features and models which reduced overall accuracy. Conclusions: The impact of radiomic features to differentiate PCa lesions according to their clinical significance remains controversial. It depends on feature selection and the employed machine learning algorithms. It can result in improvement or reduction of diagnostic performance

Accuracy and precision of volumetric bone mineral density assessment using dual-source dual-energy versus quantitative CT: a phantom study

Background: Dual-source dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) offers the potential for opportunistic osteoporosis screening by enabling phantomless bone mineral density (BMD) quantification. This study sought to assess the accuracy and precision of volumetric BMD measurement using dual-source DECT in comparison to quantitative CT (QCT). Methods: A validated spine phantom consisting of three lumbar vertebra equivalents with 50 (L1), 100 (L2), and 200 mg/cm3 (L3) calcium hydroxyapatite (HA) concentrations was scanned employing third-generation dual-source DECT and QCT. While BMD assessment based on QCT required an additional standardised bone density calibration phantom, the DECT technique operated by using a dedicated postprocessing software based on material decomposition without requiring calibration phantoms. Accuracy and precision of both modalities were compared by calculating measurement errors. In addition, correlation and agreement analyses were performed using Pearson correlation, linear regression, and Bland-Altman plots. Results: DECT-derived BMD values differed significantly from those obtained by QCT (p < 0.001) and were found to be closer to true HA concentrations. Relative measurement errors were significantly smaller for DECT in comparison to QCT (L1, 0.94% versus 9.68%; L2, 0.28% versus 5.74%; L3, 0.24% versus 3.67%, respectively). DECT demonstrated better BMD measurement repeatability compared to QCT (coefficient of variance < 4.29% for DECT, < 6.74% for QCT). Both methods correlated well to each other (r = 0.9993; 95% confidence interval 0.9984–0.9997; p < 0.001) and revealed substantial agreement in Bland-Altman plots. Conclusions: Phantomless dual-source DECT-based BMD assessment of lumbar vertebra equivalents using material decomposition showed higher diagnostic accuracy compared to QCT

The effect of spironolactone on diastolic function in haemodialysis patients

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is highly prevalent in patients on maintenance haemodialysis (HD) and lacks effective treatment. We investigated the effect of spironolactone on cardiac structure and function with a specific focus on diastolic function parameters. The MiREnDa trial examined the effect of 50 mg spironolactone once daily versus placebo on left ventricular mass index (LVMi) among 97 HD patients during 40 weeks of treatment. In this echocardiographic substudy, diastolic function was assessed using predefined structural and functional parameters including E/e'. Changes in the frequency of HFpEF were analysed using the comprehensive 'HFA-PEFF score'. Complete echocardiographic assessment was available in 65 individuals (59.5 ± 13.0 years, 21.5% female) with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF &amp;gt; 50%). At baseline, mean E/e' was 15.2 ± 7.8 and 37 (56.9%) patients fulfilled the criteria of HFpEF according to the HFA-PEFF score. There was no significant difference in mean change of E/e' between the spironolactone group and the placebo group (+ 0.93 ± 5.39 vs. + 1.52 ± 5.94, p = 0.68) or in mean change of left atrial volume index (LAVi) (1.9 ± 12.3 ml/