The Sacrificial Protection of Steel by Zinc-Containing Sol-Gel Coatings

The scanning vibrating electrode technique (SVET), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and salt spray testing are used to investigate the ability of Zn rich sol-gel coatings to provide sacrificial protection to carbon steel. Three types of coatings (containing either Zn powder, a colored pigment, or both) are applied to steel. Intact coatings are shown to act as barrier layers through which electrolyte ingresses over time. Under conditions where the substrate is exposed by an artificial coating defect, SVET is used to investigate the extent to which different coatings offer sacrificial protection when the defect size is systematically changed. The total anodic current, as derived using SVET, doubles when the defect covers 25% of the total area compared to when 12% of the area is exposed. This finding is consistent with efficient sacrificial protection of the steel by the zinc based coating. This sacrificial protection is observed for up to 24 hours for cases where the defect constitutes up to 52% of total area. The protection offered in the presence of a colored pigment is delayed and it is proposed that the pigment restricts the ability of Zn to couple with the underlying steel

Understanding the Nature of Online News Addiction

Being aware of the happenings in a community has always been of interest to humans, but the current state of news availability is unprecedented. This convenience is driving behavioral changes that manifest in online news addiction. In this research, we seek to understand antecedents to online news addiction as a need to be socially connected. We posit that an individual’s social identity creates envy, fear of missing out, and anxiety. These factors lead to frequent news checking to the point of addiction. Through this research we expect to provide guidance on the role of social identity in technology addictions, as well as new offerings that can lead to online news addiction. In the current environment of misinformation, this research will be informative for reducing online news addiction

Combinatorial Studies into the Effect of Thermally Inter-Diffused Magnesium on the Kinetics of Organic Coating Cathodic Delamination from Zinc Galvanized Steel

This paper describes a high-throughput study into the role of Mg in preventing corrosion driven coating disbondment of organic coatings from Zn-Mg alloy galvanized steel. A graded Mg wedge is applied to a hot-dip zinc galvanised steel substrate using physical vapour deposition, and subsequently annealed to produce metallic inter-diffusion and formation of Mg2Zn11 intermetallic. An overcoat of electrically insulating polyvinyl butyral (PVB) is applied and corrosion is initiated from a penetrative coating defect using an aqueous electrolyte. The variation in Mg coating weight across the wedge facilitates a systematic investigation of the effect of Mg on Volta potential and the rate of corrosion driven cathodic coating disbondment using scanning Kelvin probe (SKP) potentiometry. The rate of cathodic disbondment is shown to decrease rapidly even at very low Mg coating weight (corresponding to 25 nm thickness before annealing). The results are explained in terms of the galvanic polarity of the corrosion cell formed between Zn exposed at the defect site, and the intact Zn-Mg layer at the metal-organic coating interface

The Use of Chromium and Chromium (III) Oxide PVD Coatings to Resist the Corrosion Driven Coating Delamination of Organically Coated Packaging Steel

This paper describes a systematic study into the role of chromium and chromium (III) oxide thickness in preventing corrosion driven coating disbondment of organically coated packaging steel. A graded wedge of chromium and chromium (III) oxide is applied to steel using physical vapour deposition (PVD). A polyvinyl butyral (PVB) overcoat is applied and corrosion is initiated from an artificial defect using NaCl. Scanning Kelvin probe (SKP) potentiometry is used to monitor coating delamination. Wedge thickness variation allows for high throughput investigations into the effect of both metallic chromium and chromium (III) oxide thickness, on coating disbondment rate. A linear reciprocal relationship is observed between chromium metal thickness and disbondment rate. Increasing chromium (III) oxide thickness (applied over chromium metal) results in a decrease in delamination rate. This work highlights the ability of PVD to produce chromium/chromium (III) oxide corrosion resistant coatings to use as alternatives to hexavalent chromium-based systems

A Method for Quantifying the Synergistic Inhibitory Effect of Corrosion Inhibitors When Used in Combination: A ‘Chromate Generating Coating’

Corrosion inhibitive pigments, based on the cations Ce4+ and Cr3+ exchanged into smart release resins, are dispersed in a polyvinyl butyral (PVB) model coating and applied to a hot dip galvanised steel (HDG) substrate. An investigation is made into the influence of different pigment volume fractions (øpig) of Ce(IV) and Cr(III) based inhibitors, used both in isolation and combination, on the kinetics and mechanism of corrosion driven cathodic coating delamination. The rate of coating delamination is obtained using scanning Kelvin probe (SKP) potentiometry and time lapse photography, and the efficiency with which each inhibitor combination is able to resist cathodic coating delamination is calculated. Isobolograms, commonly utilized within the field of drug interaction, are presented as an effective method for characterising corrosion inhibitor interactions. In some cases, the sum of the efficiencies calculated for Ce(IV) and Cr(III) based pigments is shown to be greater than the sum of their individual efficiencies. It is proposed that Ce4+, released upon electrolyte exposure, is able to oxidize the Cr3+ species resulting in the formation of transient CrO4−2

The effect of composition and thickness on the mechanism and kinetics of filiform corrosion occurring on zinc-aluminium-magnesium coated steel

The effect of coating thickness and composition on the kinetics of acetic acid-induced filiform corrosion (FFC) on Zinc-Aluminium-Magnesium (ZAM) coated steel is investigated. Scribe defects are created in organic coatings applied to ∼10 μm coatings of varying composition (1−6 wt.%. Al, 1−3 wt. % Mg), and fixed composition (Zn-1.5 wt. % Al- 1.5 wt.% Mg) but varying thickness (5−27 μm). FCC decreases with increasing Al (at fixed wt. % Mg) and thickness. A linear trend exists between thickness and iron exposure time. Findings are consistent with FFC advancing via a penetrative coating mechanism whereby exposed iron couples to the coating

Complimentary Music Education and its impacts on secondary music curriculum

Master of MusicDepartment of Music, Theatre, and DanceRuth GurgelMusic education in schools has become disassociated with students’ out of school musical experiences. The teaching model used in secondary schools is, “…that of the autocratic, professional conductor of a large, classical ensemble” (Kratus, 2007, p.45). A central question to ask music educators, “Is that the model of music making we want for our students?” (ibid.). In 2016, 3.5 million students graduated from high school in the United States. Of the 3.5 million, 1 million students would go on to graduate with a bachelor’s degree in 2020 and 3,264 students (.0032%) graduated with a Bachelor of Music Education ( U.S. Department of Education, 2020; Digest of Education Statistics, 2017; Data USA, 2021). If we want to be more inclusive in secondary music education, then one part of the process is to discover what teachers are already doing to diversify their curriculum. This study identifies current beliefs and practices of secondary music educators on curricular diversification at the secondary level. When asked in a survey if they offer courses beyond traditional band, orchestra, and choir (BOC), 57.23% of 380 secondary music educators in the state of Kansas responded "yes,” while 42.68% answered “no.” Teachers who selected “yes” gave examples of courses they teach such as guitar, piano, class voice, music theory, musical theatre, music in media and many more. For the many teachers who answered “no,” adding another class such as piano, guitar or music in media can be outside of the realm of current possibility. Therefore, many remain in the cycle of traditional music education. Based on this data, one way to be more inclusive is to adjust the ensemble curriculum from within to broaden possibilities for teachers in manageable ways, building on their strengths, capabilities, and communities. The term I use to describe these possibilities is “Complementary Music Education.

Indigenous University Student Persistence: : Supports, Obstacles, and Recommendations

The tumultuous history of Indigenous education in Canada has negatively affected the persistence of Indigenous peoples at university. The research goals of this study were to identify the key supports and obstacles related to Indigenous university student persistence and to make recommendations as to how to improve levels of persistence. Combining interview, survey, and database information with 527 Indigenous students revealed that the strongest factors related to persistence were (a) social engagement, including good relationships with faculty and students, and support services provided by the Indigenous gathering place for Indigenous students on campus; (b) cognitive, such as academic support at university, learning effectively on their own, and hands-on teaching; (c) physical, including insufficient financial support and availability of affordable housing and child care; and (d) cultural, including connections with Indigenous faculty and culture. Age, home location, and parental education were not found to be related to persistence. Keywords: Indigenous, Aboriginal, persistence, university, graduation, Indigenous student experience, CanadaL’histoire tumultueuse de l’éducation des Autochtones au Canada a eu un impact négatif sur la persistance des populations autochtones à l’université. Cette recherche avait pour but d’identifier les principaux soutiens et obstacles liés à la persévérance des étudiants autochtones à l’université et de formuler des recommandations. Des entretiens, des enquêtes et des bases de données convergentes de 527 étudiants autochtones révèlent que les facteurs les plus importants liés à la persévérance sont : a) sociaux – notamment les bonnes relations avec le corps enseignant et les étudiants ainsi que les services fournis par le lieu de rassemblement des Autochtones sur le campus ; b) cognitifs – comme le soutien scolaire à l’université, l’apprentissage efficace personnel et l’enseignement pratique ; c) physiques – dont l’insuffisance de soutien financier, de logement abordable et de services de garde d’enfants ; et d) culturels – principalement en lien avec le nombre d’enseignants autochtones et la culture. L’âge, le lieu de résidence et le niveau d’éducation des parents ne semblent pas associés à la persistance. Mots-clés : autochtones, premières nations, persistance, université, diplomation, expérience des étudiants autochtones, Canad