Metal distribution in first flush in highway runoff of one of the busiest motorway junctions in the UK

© The Royal Society of Chemistry 2023. This is an open access article published under a creative commons licence. The published version can be accessed at the following link on the publisher’s website: https://doi.org/10.1039/D2EW00919FAlthough the ‘first flush’ phenomenon has been extensively studied, there is still a niche remaining for a further contribution to this topic. The work reported in this paper addresses the challenges connected with the first flush from junction 24 of the M1 motorway in the UK. The event monitoring indicated that such factors as ADWP, rainfall intensity plus the catchment cleanliness and the loss of roughness, acting in combination, are the key factors in determining the presence of pollutants in the first flush. In addition, this study has also helped us to better understand the mechanism of iron release due to the presence of anaerobic and aerobic conditions – it showed the greatest proportion of its mass (73.6%), compared to other pollutants, in the first 30% of the runoff volume, which would suggest that the local conditions of the catchment can confound such a simple theory as that of pollutant dilution. The unexpectedly high presence of dissolved iron could be attributed to dissolved organic carbon, humic substances and anaerobic microbial activity.This research was supported by Loughborough University

Continuous exposure to ambient air pollution and chronic diseases: Prevalence, burden, and economic costs

This is an accepted manuscript of an article published by De Gruyter in Reviews on Environmental Health on 22/04/2020, available online: https://doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2019-0106 The accepted version of the publication may differ from the final published version.Studies that assess the connection between the prevalence of chronic diseases and continuous exposure to air pollution are scarce in developing countries, mainly due to data limitations. Largely overcoming data limitations, this study aimed to investigate the association between the likelihood of reporting a set of chronic diseases (diabetes, cancer, stroke and myocardial infarction, asthma, and hypertension) and continuous exposure to carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3), and coarse particulate matter (PM10). Using the estimated associations, the disease burden and economic costs of continuous exposure to air pollutants were also approximated. A 2011 Health Equity Assessment and Response Tool survey from Tehran, Iran, was used in the main analyses. A sample of 67,049 individuals who had not changed their place of residence for at least 2 years before the survey and reported all relevant socioeconomic information was selected. The individuals were assigned with the average monthly air pollutant levels of the nearest of 16 air quality monitors during the 2 years leading to the survey. Both single- and multi-pollutant analyses were conducted. The country’s annual household surveys from 2002 to 2011 were used to calculate the associated economic losses. The single-pollutant analysis showed that a one-unit increase in monthly CO (ppm), NO2 (ppb), O3 (ppb), and PM10 (μg/m3) during the 2 years was associated with 751 [confidence interval (CI): 512–990], 18 (CI: 12–24), 46 (CI: −27–120), and 24 (CI: 13–35) more reported chronic diseases in 100,000, respectively. The disease-specific analyses showed that a unit change in average monthly CO was associated with 329, 321, 232, and 129 more reported cases of diabetes, hypertension, stroke and myocardial infarction, and asthma in 100,000, respectively. The measured associations were greater in samples with older individuals. Also, a unit change in average monthly O3 was associated with 21 (in 100,000) more reported cases of asthma. The multi-pollutant analyses confirmed the results from single-pollutant analyses. The supplementary analyses showed that a one-unit decrease in monthly CO level could have been associated with about 208 (CI: 147–275) years of life gained or 15.195 (CI: 10.296–20.094) thousand US dollars (USD) in life-time labor market income gained per 100,000 30-plus-year-old Tehranis

Saharan sand and dust storms and neonatal mortality: Evidence from Burkina Faso

This is an accepted manuscript of an article published by Elsevier in Science of the Total Environment on 29/04/2020, available online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139053 The accepted version of the publication may differ from the final published version.West African populations are exposed to the longest and harshest dust storms on the planet, the Saharan sand and dust storms (SDS). Nonetheless, little is known about the effects of the severe storms on early-life health in West Africa. This study investigated the association of the risk of neonatal mortality, an indicator of the population's early-life health, with potential prenatal and neonatal exposure to the Saharan SDS. Data on 30,552 under-five children from Burkina Faso's 1993, 2003, and 2010 demographic and health surveys were matched to the particulate matters (PM) and terrestrial air temperature and precipitation forecasts. Exposure to dust events was measured by the number of days with average PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations above a series of threshold. Intensity-dependent patterns of associations between neonatal mortality and both prenatal and birth month exposure to dust events were identified. There was no association if average daily PM10 and PM2.5 levels were <60 and 30 μg/m3, respectively. However, strong associations, which increase almost linearly with the intensity of exposure, were identified when daily PM10 and PM2.5 levels ranged between 70 and 150 and 40–70 μg/m3, respectively. At the higher PM levels, the association for the gestation period decreased, but that for the birth month remained mostly unresponsive to changes in the PM levels. Larger associations were identified when siblings were compared.Published versio

Evaluating floating photovoltaics (FPVs) potential in providing clean energy and supporting agricultural growth in Vietnam

© 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier. This is an open access article available under a Creative Commons licence. The published version can be accessed at the following link on the publisher’s website: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2022.112925Vietnam’s promising economic growth has led to energy shortage, growing coal imports, and increasing carbon emissions. The country’s electricity demand annual growth rate has been 12% in recent years and is projected to be 8-9% by 2030. In Vietnam 40% of the land is dedicated to agriculture and thousands of inland water bodies are used for agriculture/aquaculture. Utilising even a small portion of them for Floating Photovoltaics (FPVs) would mitigate land-use conflicts and benefits agriculture and aquaculture. To demonstrate FPVs' potential, we selected a hydropower dam reservoir in the North and six irrigation reservoirs in the South. System Advisor Model (SAM) software was used to simulate the electricity generated if we cover 1%, 5%, and 10% of surfaces of these reservoirs. The results show a potential capacity close to 1 GWp and annual potential generation of 1.4 TWh if 1% of these surfaces were covered by FPVs. We also evaluated FPVs potential for four different types of water bodies in Vietnam: Lake, Lagoon, River and Without Classification. The results showed that the potential capacity, considering use of only of 1% of these water surfaces for FPVs is 3.7 GWp, and provides 5385 GWh generation, which highlights the significant contribution that FPVs can make to the renewable energy sector in this country. However, FPVs face some socio-technical barriers, including regulatory ambiguity about water rights, uncertainty about economic policies and limited information about their environmental impacts that could hamper the expansion of this technology, and need to be addressed through further research.This material has been produced under the Climate Compatible Growth programme, which is funded by UK aid from the UK government

Studying Molecular and Nanoscale Interactions at Metal Oxide Surfaces and Their Effects on Bacterial Adhesion

EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo

Coating a polystyrene well-plate surface with synthetic hematite, goethite and aluminium hydroxide for cell mineral adhesion studies in a controlled environment

Iron and aluminium oxides are available in many climatic regions and play a vital role in many environmental processes, including the interactions of microorganisms in contaminated soils and groundwater with their ambient environment. Indigenous microorganisms in contaminated environments often have the ability to degrade or transform those contaminants, a concept that supports an in situ remediation approach and uses natural microbial populations in order to bio-remediate polluted sites. These metal oxides have a relatively high pH-dependent surface charge, which makes them good candidates for studying mineral–bacterial adhesion. Given the importance of understanding the reactions that occur at metal oxide and bacterial cell interfaces and to investigate this phenomenon further under well-characterized conditions, some of the most common iron and aluminium oxides; hematite, goethite and aluminium hydroxide, were synthesized and characterized and a coating method was developed to coat polystyrene well-plates as a surface exposable to bacterial adhesion with these minerals (non-treated polystyrene-12 well-plates which are used for cell cultures). The coating process was designed in a way that resembles naturally coated surfaces in aquifers. Hematite, Fe2O3, was synthesized from acidic FeCl3 solution, while goethite, FeOOH, and aluminium hydroxide, Al(OH)3, were prepared from an alkaline solution of Fe(NO3)3 and Al(NO3)3. They were further characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), potentiometric titration and contact angle measurements. Characterization results show that the pure phases of hematite, goethite and aluminium hydroxides are formed with a point of zero charge (PZC) of 7.5, 8.5 and 8.9, respectively. The coating process was based on the direct deposition of mineral particles from an aqueous suspension by evaporation. Then, altered polystyrene surface properties were analyzed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-IR), water drop contact angle measurements and vertical scanning interferometry (VSI). The surface analysis tests prove that the coated polystyrene surface has physicochemical properties that are similar to the reference synthetic hematite, goethite and aluminium hydroxide minerals. These prepared and well-characterized mineral well-plates are similar to naturally occurring surfaces in aquifers and enable us to study the different steps of bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation on these metal oxides under laboratory-controlled conditions

Saharan Sand and Dust Storms and Neonatal Mortality: Evidence from Burkina Faso

West African populations are exposed to the longest and harshest dust storms on the planet, the Saharan sand and dust storms (SDS). Nonetheless, little is known about the effects of the severe storms on early-life health in West Africa. This study investigated the association of the risk of neonatal mortality, an indicator of the population's early-life health, with potential prenatal and neonatal exposure to the Saharan SDS. Data on 30,552 under-five children from Burkina Faso's 1993, 2003, and 2010 demographic and health surveys were matched to the particulate matters (PM) and terrestrial air temperature and precipitation forecasts. Exposure to dust events was measured by the number of days with average PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations above a series of threshold. Intensity-dependent patterns of associations between neonatal mortality and both prenatal and birth month exposure to dust events were identified. There was no association if average daily PM10 and PM2.5 levels were <60 and 30 μg/m3, respectively. However, strong associations, which increase almost linearly with the intensity of exposure, were identified when daily PM10 and PM2.5 levels ranged from 70 to 150 and from 40 to 70 μg/m3, respectively. At the higher PM levels, the association for the gestation period decreased, but that for the birth month remained mostly unresponsive to changes in the PM levels. Larger associations were identified when siblings were compared

What China’s Environmental Policy Means for PV Solar, Electric Vehicles, and Carbon Capture and Storage Technologies

This perspective paper elaborates on how the burden of environmental issues on public health and the economy led China’s government to declare its revised environmental policies or “war on pollution”. It explains the importance of photovoltaic solar (PV), electric vehicles (EV), and carbon capture and storage (CCS) in helping China to mitigate its environmental concerns while maintaining economic growth. China already leads PV solar and EV manufacturing; however, it has not made a tangible contribution to CCS technology yet. On the other hand, CCS is far behind its envisaged role in contributing to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and supporting countries to meet their net carbon zero targets. China’s existing coal power plants are good candidates to be retrofitted with CCS. Similar to PV and EV technologies, China could influence this technology globally, by reducing the uncertainties, demonstrating the viability, and driving the costs lower. China’s revised policies have been effective and shown global impacts, but their implementations remain as strong as the political will behind them

Environmental and technical impacts of floating photovoltaic plants (FPVs) as an emerging clean energy technology

© 2022 The Authors. Published by Cell Press. This is an open access article available under a Creative Commons licence. The published version can be accessed at the following link on the publisher’s website: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2022.105253Floating photovoltaic plants (FPVs) are emerging as a new modality of photovoltaic system application. FPVs present several benefits in comparison with ground-mounted systems and could have major and lasting positive environmental and technical impacts globally, which is the focus of this paper. Floating solar technology does not occupy habitable and productive areas and can be deployed in brownfields and degraded environments, that helps reducing land-use conflicts. Saving water through mitigating evaporation and improving water security in water-scarce regions combined with their flexibility for deployment on different water bodies including drinking water reservoirs are of other advantages of FPVs. They also have higher efficiency than ground-mounted PV solar and are compatible with the existing hydropower infrastructures, which supports diversifying the energy supply and its resilience. Despite the notable growth of floating photovoltaics on an international scale, lack of supporting policies and development roadmaps by the governments could hinder FPVs’ sustainable growth. Long-term reliability of the floating structures is also of the existing concerns that if not answered could limit the expansion of this emerging technology