Landscape as Agency: Co-Designing New School Typologies with Children in Rural Sudan

Environmental and social injustices severely impact children\u27s learning spaces in marginalized communities in Sudan. Children in those schools confront hazardous environmental conditions and systemic corruption. Their schools are disregarded by the government, lack basic amenities, and are impossible to navigate, turning them into ghost schools. Children of ghost schools are part of communities with potential, willpower, and resilience. However, these communities\u27 desperation for self-sufficiency hinders them from thriving. This research project focuses on participatory design concerning children’s schools, particularly in remote farmer\u27s communities along the Nile River in Sudan, and investigates one primary question: How can interdisciplinary architecture change the way we think about designing children\u27s learning environments in marginalized communities? I use design methodologies and interdisciplinary architecture typologies. I also planned workshops to develop means to sustain schools as environmental, and social infrastructures. Participatory design tools have helped me re-think the role of these schools. The Abu-Halima school provided significant input to develop this research. The major contribution of this research project is establishing innovative adaptive systems that can grow in complexity, such as food production, and climate and flood mitigation

Critical current density in superconducting thin film in different magnetic environments: iron sheath and magnetic environments in VSM

At this time, the significance of superconductivity is increasing as a result of our increased need for clean electrical energy. It has become important to find innovative solutions for the production of energy and for reducing the losses due its transportation. This requirement makes it attractive to use the special properties of high-temperature superconductors. Products such as sensitive superconducting quantum interference (SQUID) devices based on the Josephson Effect, high-speed floating trains, low loss cables, highly efficient motors, high-field magnets for magneto-resonance imaging, and power generators are now arriving on the market. The requirement for a high-temperature superconductors material that has a high critical current and can tolerate high fields needed for all of these. The YBa2Cu3O7-x (YBCO) superconductor has been considered as one of most popular and thoroughly studied materials for the past two decades. This is because of its high critical temperature (Tc), which is above 91 K, its high transport currents, and its technological effectiveness, which makes it possible for an YBCO application to work in all areas of microelectronics and industrial power applications. On the other hand, a high electrical current is needed for most of the practical applications of YBCO that require transport under a magnetic field with low losses, which means that a high in-field critical current density (Jc) is required. The factors that control the current carrying capacity of this material impose criteria for its successful technological development, and there is a need to clear understand them. Consequently, much research has been carried out that was mainly focused on the Jc improvement of YBCO thin films. The use of a magnetic environment is one of the most effective ways. An investigation has been carried out in this thesis work on a hybrid system that consists of superconducting YBCO thin films enclosed by ferromagnetic iron. A magnetization measurement was incorporated, and current densities of the thin films were extracted. A comparison between these characteristics and the transport current values was also made. It is evident from the measurements that the maximum critical current density (known as the overcritical current density) can surpass the critical current density obtained in the same thin films without the iron environment. The results indicate that the critical current density is highly dependent upon the iron environment’s location, the dimensions of the iron magnets, the distances between the thin films and the magnets and the orientation of the outer field. The current density enhancement is attributed to the magnetic interaction among the superconducting thin films and the soft ferromagnetic iron environment. This result of this interaction is likely to be a rearrangement of supercurrents within the films, eliminating excessive stray fields near the corners of the thin films and thus resulting in a more homogeneous supercurrent distribution. The entrance of magnetic flux in the form of vortices is prevented through this, and therefore, the critical current densities that are determined by vortex pinning turn out to be less relevant. It is shown that the choice of the iron environment affects the manipulation of the critical current density. Furthermore, a study has been carried on the angular dependence of the magnetization measurements in YBCO in the angular range of 90o to 30o between the sample surface and the magnetic field for various frequencies ranging from 10 to 60 Hz. When a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) was employed, it was seen that an effect was exerted on Jc during these measurements with increasing angle and frequency. As a function of applied magnetic field (Ba), the increase in the angle and vibration frequency leads to a progressive reduction of Jc. There is a significantly stronger effect of the vibrations that increases the angle, irrespective of temperature changes. This frequency develops kinks on the Jc(Ba) curves that indicate some specific vortex state/motion disturbance, and as the angle and frequency increase, the kinks become more pronounced. Through analyzing the magnetization loops, it was observed that there was an asymmetry of the vibration frequency effect in descending and ascending Ba, which is due to the variations in the free energy of the resultant vortex structures. It was demonstrated through the critical current Jc(Ba) measurements with the magnetic field sweep rate proportional to the frequency of vibration that a scaling behavior of the vibration induces suppression of the critical current, even with no thermal induction

金属中の電子の3次元運動量空間密度と電子的性質の関連

Our goal in the present work is to study the momentum space density and Fermi surface on certain materials of interest using 2D-ACAR experiment. These materials are the divalent HCP structure metals Mg, Zn and Cd, the HCP structure metals of group IIIA Sc and Y, the HCP structure metals of group IVA Ti, Zr and Hf, FCC structure metals of group VIII Rh and Ir, the non-cuprate layered proveskite superconductor Sr2RuO4, and the layered dichalcogenides of group VB NbSe2. The measurements have been carried out using two experimental set-ups. In the first, a pair of 128 detectors has been used to construct the data covering 20 mrad × 20 mrad. In the second, a pair of 256 detectors has been used to construct the data covering 30 mrad × 30 mrad. From the measured 2D-ACAR spectra the three dimensional electron density in the momentum space p(P) has been reconstructed using the reconstruction technique based on Fourier transform. Some observations have been noticed from the reconstructed spectra. Firstly, the divalent HCP structure metals show distortions in upper part of their spectra. Those distortions have been observed and discussed in terms of Kahana-like enhancement and many body effects. Secondly, the metals of groups IIIA and IVA show Breaks in their spectra. Those breaks have been studied and interpreted in terms of the electronic configurations of the examined metals. Thirdly, the high momentum components (HMC\u27s) have been observed in the spectra of the used elements. They are attributed to the Umklapp process. Fourthly, the effect of the strong signal d-like in the Fermi surface features in the elements of groups IIIA, IVA and VIII has been observed and discussed. Finally, in Ir spectra broadening has been observed and discussed in terms of its high absorption of γ-rays. The electron density in the wave vector space n(k) has been constructed, restricted within first Brillouin zone, using Locks, Crisp and West (LCW) folding procedure. Then, Fermi surfaces of the metals under investigations have been constructed. Moreover, the least square fitting method has been applied in the experimental results with respect to the theoretical ones to estimate the band\u27s occupation. The results of Fermi surface for each group of materials will discuss below. Fermi surfaces of divalent HCP structure metals have been compared with (he free electron model and with that obtained from band structure calculation using linear muffin tin orbital (LMTO) and augmented plane wave method (APW) methods. They show agreement with that obtained from the free electron model. The absence of some sheets from the Fermi surface of Mg, Zn and Cd has been interpreted in terms of the experimental resolution. Fermi surfaces of the metals of group IIIA have been compared with the free electron model and with the band structure calculation using cellular and APW methods. And the Fermi surfaces of the metals of group IVA have been compared with the free electron model, and the band structures calculation using APW and linear combination of atomic orbital (LCAO) methods. The Fermi surfaces of Sc, Y, Ti and Zr show agreement with that obtained from APW method, while the Fermi surface of Hf shows agreement with that obtained from relativistic RAPW method. Fermi surfaces of Rh and Ir have been compared with the RAPW and LCAO methods. These Fermi surfaces show good agreement with the band structure calculation using RAPW method. Fermi surface of Sr2RuO4 has been obtained and compared with that calculated using the local-density approximation (LDA) method. The present results show good agreement with the band structure calculation. Fermi surface of NbSe2 has been compared with the band structure calculation using APW method. The difference of the dimension of the hole surface around Γ-A axis in the Fermi surface of NbSe2 has been explained in terms of the non uniformity of the positron wave function. The deviations of the Fermi surface dimensions from that obtained by the band structure calculation have been explained in terms of the present experimental resolution. As regards, while the divalent HCP structure metals show good agreement with the free electron model, deviation from it obtains for the other elements.Thesis (Ph. D. in Engineering)--University of Tsukuba, (A), no. 2101, 1999.3.2

Study of the Heavy Elements of the Al-Kharazi Water Course Inside the University of Mosul

This study investigated the levels of heavy metal contaminants (copper, zinc, cadmium, and lead) in water samples collected from the Al-Kharazi watercourse traversing the University of Mosul campus over four seasons in 2022 and 2023. Water samples were taken from five stations along the watercourse and analyzed for dissolved and particulate phases of the heavy metals. The heavy metals have been extracted using a standard method and their concentrations in river water and sediments have been estimated using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The results showed mean concentrations of 0.0527 ± 0.0131 mg/L for cadmium, 0.0178 ± 0.0051 mg/L for lead, 0.0145 ± 0.002 mg/L for dissolved copper, and 3.232 ± 0.635 mg/L for zinc across all seasons. Substantial discrepancies were noted among seasons and across various sampling sites. At specific sites and during certain seasons, the levels of cadmium and lead were discovered to surpass the drinking water guidelines set by the World Health Organization (WHO). The research shows that there is a significant amount of heavy metal pollution, particularly cadmium, in the Al-Kharazi watercourse. This contamination is most likely caused by human activities in the university area. It is advisable to regularly assess and apply solutions to mitigate the risks of heavy metal contamination to both the aquatic environment and human health

Study of the Heavy Elements of the Al-Kharazi Water Course Inside the University of Mosul

This study investigated the levels of heavy metal contaminants (copper, zinc, cadmium, and lead) in water samples collected from the Al-Kharazi watercourse traversing the University of Mosul campus over four seasons in 2022 and 2023. Water samples were taken from five stations along the watercourse and analyzed for dissolved and particulate phases of the heavy metals. The heavy metals have been extracted using a standard method and their concentrations in river water and sediments have been estimated using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The results showed mean concentrations of 0.0527 ± 0.0131 mg/L for cadmium, 0.0178 ± 0.0051 mg/L for lead, 0.0145 ± 0.002 mg/L for dissolved copper, and 3.232 ± 0.635 mg/L for zinc across all seasons. Substantial discrepancies were noted among seasons and across various sampling sites. At specific sites and during certain seasons, the levels of cadmium and lead were discovered to surpass the drinking water guidelines set by the World Health Organization (WHO). The research shows that there is a significant amount of heavy metal pollution, particularly cadmium, in the Al-Kharazi watercourse. This contamination is most likely caused by human activities in the university area. It is advisable to regularly assess and apply solutions to mitigate the risks of heavy metal contamination to both the aquatic environment and human health

USM3D Simulations of Saturn V Plume Induced Flow Separation

The NASA Constellation Program included the Ares V heavy lift cargo vehicle. During the design stage, engineers questioned if the Plume Induced Flow Separation (PIFS) that occurred along Saturn V rocket during moon missions at some flight conditions, would also plague the newly proposed rocket. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was offered as a tool for initiating the investigation of PIFS along the Ares V rocket. However, CFD best practice guidelines were not available for such an investigation. In an effort to establish a CFD process and define guidelines for Ares V powered simulations, the Saturn V vehicle was used because PIFS flight data existed. The ideal gas, computational flow solver USM3D was evaluated for its viability in computing PIFS along the Saturn V vehicle with F-1 engines firing. Solutions were computed at supersonic freestream conditions, zero degree angle of attack, zero degree sideslip, and at flight Reynolds numbers. The effects of solution sensitivity to grid refinement, turbulence models, and the engine boundary conditions on the predicted PIFS distance along the Saturn V were discussed and compared to flight data from the Apollo 11 mission AS-506

Kepimpinan pengetua wanita daripada perspektif Islam, kajian di SMK daerah Perak Tengah

The present situation shows the increasing number of female principals in Malaysian secondary schools. Despite numerous studies being conducted but only a few has examined this topic from the Islamic perspective. The issues regarding female leadership has been questioned when it is related to the gender and leadership factors. This study has three objectives namely to identify the Islamic Worldview on working women, to investigate the concept of female principal leadership based on Islamic perspective, and lastly to describe the female principal leadership style that suits current demands and simultaneously aligned with the Islamic perspective. In achieving these objectives, the qualitative method has been adopted and the triangulation approach involving library research, observations as well as interviews have been applied. The library research encompassed books, articles, the study of selected text of the Qur’an, Hadith and works by Islamic scholars. Furthermore, structured interviews were carried out involving a total of 63 respondents consisting of nine female principals and 54 teachers of Perak Tengah district’s secondary schools. The finding has shown that the female principal leadership is aligned with Islamic Worldview. In addition, the finding has also shown that female principal leadership is within the boundary of Wilayah Khassah concept which is permissible in Islam. In the aspect of leadership style, the study has found that female principal leadership style is appropriate with the current demands and is aligned with the Islamic perspective. The respondents have agreed that gender is not the main factor in determining the effectiveness of female principal leadership. On the contrary, it has been influenced by the factors of environment, personality, emotion and motivation. The finding of this study has contributed to other past studies on female leadership from the Islamic perspective as well as providing suggestions in improving leadership and quality of management in schools

PAB3D Simulations for the CAWAPI F-16XL

Numerical simulations of the flow around F-16XL are performed as a contribution to the Cranked Arrow Wing Aerodynamic Project International (CAWAPI) using the PAB3D CFD code. Two turbulence models are used in the calculations: a standard k-! model, and the Shih-Zhu-Lumley (SZL) algebraic stress model. Seven flight conditions are simulated for the flow around the F-16XL where the free stream Mach number varies from 0.242 to 0.97. The range of angles of attack varies from 0deg to 20deg. Computational results, surface static pressure, boundary layer velocity profiles, and skin friction are presented and compared with flight data. Numerical results are generally in good agreement with flight data, considering that only one grid resolution is utilized for the different flight conditions simulated in this study. The ASM results are closer to the flight data than the k-! model results. The ASM predicted a stronger primary vortex, however, the origin of the vortex and footprint is approximately the same as in the k-! predictions

Numerical Investigation of Flow in an Over-Expanded Nozzle with Porous Surfaces

A new porous condition has been implemented in the PAB3D solver for simulating the flow over porous surfaces. The newly-added boundary condition is utilized to compute the flow field of a non-axisymmetric, convergent-divergent nozzle incorporating porous cavities for shock-boundary layer interaction control. The nozzle has an expansion ratio (exit area/throat area) of 1.797 and a design nozzle pressure ratio of 8.78. The flow fields for a baseline nozzle (no porosity) and for a nozzle with porous surfaces (10% porosity ratio) are computed for NPR varying from 2.01 to 9.54. Computational model results indicate that the over-expanded nozzle flow was dominated by shock-induced boundary-layer separation. Porous configurations were capable of controlling off-design separation in the nozzle by encouraging stable separation of the exhaust flow. Computational simulation results, wall centerline pressure, mach contours, and thrust efficiency ratio are presented and discussed. Computed results are in excellent agreement with experimental data

F-16XL Hybrid Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes/Large Eddy Simulation on Unstructured Grids

This study continues the Cranked Arrow Wing Aerodynamics Program, International (CAWAPI) investigation with the FUN3D and USM3D flow solvers. CAWAPI was established to study the F-16XL, because it provides a unique opportunity to fuse fight test, wind tunnel test, and simulation to understand the aerodynamic features of swept wings. The high-lift performance of the cranked-arrow wing planform is critical for recent and past supersonic transport design concepts. Simulations of the low speed high angle of attack Flight Condition 25 are compared: Detached Eddy Simulation (DES), Modi ed Delayed Detached Eddy Simulation (MDDES), and the Spalart-Allmaras (SA) RANS model. Iso- surfaces of Q criterion show the development of coherent primary and secondary vortices on the upper surface of the wing that spiral, burst, and commingle. SA produces higher pressure peaks nearer to the leading-edge of the wing than flight test measurements. Mean DES and MDDES pressures better predict the flight test measurements, especially on the outer wing section. Vorticies and vortex-vortex interaction impact unsteady surface pressures. USM3D showed many sharp tones in volume points spectra near the wing apex with low broadband noise and FUN3D showed more broadband noise with weaker tones. Spectra of the volume points near the outer wing leading-edge was primarily broadband for both codes. Without unsteady flight measurements, the flight pressure environment can not be used to validate the simulations containing tonal or broadband spectra. Mean forces and moment are very similar between FUN3D models and between USM3D models. Spectra of the unsteady forces and moment are broadband with a few sharp peaks for USM3D