Complex molecule formation in grain mantles

Context: Complex molecules such as ethanol and dimethyl ether have been observed in a number of hot molecular cores and hot corinos. Attempts to model the molecular formation process using gas phase only models have so far been unsuccessful. Aims : To demonstrate that grain surface processing is a viable mechanism for complex molecule formation in these environments. Methods: A variable environment parameter computer model has been constructed which includes both gas and surface chemistry. This is used to investigate a variety of cloud collapse scenarios. Results: Comparison between model results and observation shows that by combining grain surface processing with gas phase chemistry complex molecules can be produced in observed abundances in a number of core and corino scenarios. Differences in abundances are due to the initial atomic and molecular composition of the core/corino and varying collapse timescales. Conclusions: Grain surface processing, combined with variation of physical conditions, can be regarded as a viable method for the formation of complex molecules in the environment found in the vicinity of a hot core/corino and produce abundances comparable to those observed.Comment: 28 pages, 192 figures, accepted for publication in A&A

Resolving Confusion in the Use of Concepts and Terminology in Intrapuparial Development Studies of Cyclorrhaphous Diptera

This is freely available on the journal website.The attached document is the pre-print/pre-refereeing [Author's original version] version of the article. This article has been accepted for publication in Journal of Medical Entomology, Vol.53(6), 2016, published by Oxford University Press. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjw0

Looking into the puparium: Micro-CT visualization of the internal morphological changes during metamorphosis of the blow fly, Calliphora vicina , with the first quantitative analysis of organ development in cyclorrhaphous dipterans

Uploaded is the initial online version of this Open Access manuscript.This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. VC 2017 The Authors Journal of Morphology Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. This is the published version of the article

Monolithic large-signal transimpedance amplifier for use in multi-gigabit, short-range optoelectronic interconnect applications

Published versio

Widespread association between the ericoid mycorrhizal fungus Rhizoscyphus ericae and a leafy liverwort in the maritime and sub-Antarctic

A recent study identified a fungal isolate from the Antarctic leafy liverwort Cephaloziella varians as the ericoid mycorrhizal associate Rhizoscyphus ericae. However, nothing is known about the wider Antarctic distribution of R. ericae in C. varians, and inoculation experiments confirming the ability of the fungus to form coils in the liverwort are lacking. Using direct isolation and baiting with Vaccinium macrocarpon seedlings, fungi were isolated from C. varians sampled from eight sites across a 1875-km transect through sub- and maritime Antarctica. The ability of an isolate to form coils in aseptically grown C. varians was also tested. Fungi with 98–99% sequence identity to R. ericae internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and partial large subunit ribosomal (r)DNA sequences were frequently isolated from C. varians at all sites sampled. The EF4/Fung5 primer set did not amplify small subunit rDNA from three of five R. ericae isolates, probably accounting for the reported absence of the fungus from C. varians in a previous study. Rhizoscyphus ericae was found to colonize aseptically-grown C. varians intracellularly, forming hyphal coils. This study shows that the association between R. ericae and C. varians is apparently widespread in Antarctica, and confirms that R. ericae is at least in part responsible for the formation of the coils observed in rhizoids of field-collected C. varians

Expectations of rehabilitation following lower limb amputation: a qualitative study.

To explore the expectations of patients about to undergo prosthetic rehabilitation following a lower limb amputation

A diffusion-based quantification technique for assessment of sacroiliitis in adolescents with enthesitis-related arthritis

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the use of a quantitative diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) tool for measuring inflammation of the sacroiliac joints (SIJs) in enthesitis-related arthritis (ERA). METHODS: A retrospective study was performed with institutional review board approval. Subjects were adolescents who had undergone MRI of the SIJs since January 2010. 10 patients with a clinical diagnosis of ERA and 10 controls with a clinical diagnosis of mechanical back pain were assessed. Axial T1 weighted, short tau inversion recovery (STIR) and DWI (b-values 0, 50, 100, 300 and 600 mm(2) s(-1)) images were acquired. Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps were generated using a monoexponential fit. On each of four slices, two to three linear regions-of-interest were placed on each joint. Normalized ADC (nADC) values were defined as joint ADC divided by a reference ADC derived from normal sacral bone. STIR images were scored using a modification of an established technique. The correlation between nADC values and STIR scores was evaluated using Spearman's rank correlation. RESULTS: Mean nADC values were significantly higher in cases than in controls (p = 0.0015). There was a strong correlation between STIR scores and nADC values (R = 0.85). CONCLUSION: ADC values are significantly increased in inflamed SIJs compared with controls. There is a good correlation between this diffusion-based method and STIR scores of inflammation. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE: We have described and provisionally validated a method for quantifying the severity of inflammation in the SIJs in ERA using ADC measurements. This method is quick, is reproducible and could potentially be automated

Exploring patterns of recurrent melanoma in Northeast Scotland to inform the introduction a digital self-examination intervention

Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Discordant inflammatory changes in the apophyseal and sacroiliac joints: serial observations in enthesitis-related arthritis

OBJECTIVE: To determine the extent to which inflammation of the sacroiliac joints (SIJs) and apophyseal joints (AJs) changes concordantly after treatment in enthesitis-related arthritis (ERA). METHODS: A retrospective study was performed with institutional review board approval. 31 young patients with ERA who had been scanned between March 2009 and November 2014 were included. All patients had post-contrast imaging of the SIJs and lumbar spine and short tau inversion-recovery (STIR) images of the SIJs. The severity of sacroiliitis was scored using a modification of an established technique, and inflammation of the AJs was evaluated using a recently described grading system. The changes in SIJ and AJ scores after treatment were classified as either concordant or discordant, and the proportion of scan pairs in these groups was recorded. In addition, the correlation between change in SIJ STIR score (Δnfla) and change in AJ score (ΔAJ) was assessed using Spearman's correlation coefficient. RESULTS: Of a total of 43 scan pairs, the changes in inflammation were concordant in 16 scan pairs and discordant in 27 scan pairs. There was no significant correlation between Δnfla and ΔAJ (R = 0.14, p = 0.37). CONCLUSION: Inflammatory changes in the SIJs and AJs are often discordant. This may be a reason why patients experience ongoing back pain despite apparent improvement in one or the other site. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE: Inflammation may behave differently at different anatomical sites. The SIJs and AJs should both be imaged in patients with ERA with back pain