Wood anatomy of seed and basal bud originated downy birches (Betula pubescens Ehrh.) grown at four different sites

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Content analysis: What are they talking about?

Quantitative content analysis is increasingly used to surpass surface level analyses in Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning (e.g., counting messages), but critical reflection on accepted practice has generally not been reported. A review of CSCL conference proceedings revealed a general vagueness in definitions of units of analysis. In general, arguments for choosing a unit were lacking and decisions made while developing the content analysis procedures were not made explicit. In this article, it will be illustrated that the currently accepted practices concerning the ‘unit of meaning’ are not generally applicable to quantitative content analysis of electronic communication. Such analysis is affected by ‘unit boundary overlap’ and contextual constraints having to do with the technology used. The analysis of e-mail communication required a different unit of analysis and segmentation procedure. This procedure proved to be reliable, and the subsequent coding of these units for quantitative analysis yielded satisfactory reliabilities. These findings have implications and recommendations for current content analysis practice in CSCL research

Towards zero pollution vehicles by advanced fuels and exhaust aftertreatment technologies

Vehicular emissions deteriorate air quality in urban areas notably. The aim of this study was to conduct an in-depth characterization of gaseous and particle emissions, and their potential to form secondary aerosol emissions, of the cars meeting the most recent emission Euro 6d standards, and to investigate the impact of fuel as well as engine and aftertreatment technologies on pollutants at warm and cold ambient temperatures. Studied vehicles were a diesel car with a diesel particulate filter (DPF), two gasoline cars (with and without a gasoline particulate filter (GPF)), and a car using compressed natural gas (CNG). The impact of fuel aromatic content was examined for the diesel car and the gasoline car without the GPF. The results showed that the utilization of exhaust particulate filter was important both in diesel and gasoline cars. The gasoline car without the GPF emitted relatively high concentrations of particles compared to the other technologies but the implementation of the GPF decreased particle emissions, and the potential to form secondary aerosols in atmospheric processes. The diesel car equipped with the DPF emitted low particle number concentrations except during the DPF regeneration events. Aromatic-free gasoline and diesel fuel efficiently reduced exhaust particles. Since the renewal of vehicle fleet is a relatively slow process, changing the fuel composition can be seen as a faster way to affect traffic emissions.Peer reviewe

CLT-rakentamisen työaikainen kosteudenhallinta ja -seuranta

Tässä opinnäytetyössä käsiteltiin Joensuun Hukanhaudalle rakennettavan päiväkodin työaikaista kosteuden hallintaa ja seurantaa. Hukanhaudan päiväkotiin asennettiin antureita, joilla seurattiin rakennuksen lämpötilaa sekä kosteuskäyttäytymistä. Tämän työn lämpötilojen ja kosteuksien tar- kastelun aikaväli oli rakentamisen aloituksesta sen lämmitysvaiheeseen asti. Anturit jätettiin raken- teisiin, jotta kosteuksia ja lämpötiloja voidaan tarkastella käytönkin aikana. CLT–elementtien kui- vumista seurattiin pintakosteusmittarilla sekä visuaalisesti pintaa tarkastelemalla. Työssä käydään läpi myös yleisesti puurakentamisen kosteudenhallintaa etenkin CLT- elementtien suojauksien riittävyyttä, tiiviyttä, sekä siirrettävien sääsuojien käyttöä. Rakennuksen sisäilman kosteutta ja lämpötiloja seuraamalla huomattiin, että käytössä olleet läm- mittimet oli mitoitettu liian suuriksi, jonka takia niiden käyttöä jouduttiin jaksottamaan. Lämmitti- mien jaksottamisen ansiosta vältyttiin CLT-elementtien halkeilulta.In this thesis deal with in work-time moisture control and tracking of the day care centre to be built at Joensuu Hukanhauta. Sensors were installed at Hukanhauta day care center to tracking the build- ing temperature and humidity. Time interval for examining the temperature and humidity is in this work started from of construction and ends building heating. The sensors left in the structures so that humiditys and temperatures can be examine during use. CLT-elements drying was started tracking with surface moisture meter and visually on the spot. In this work go through also wood construction moisure controling, especially CLT-element for construction protection adequacy, tightness and the use of transferable weather protections. Monitoring the building indoor humiditys and temperatures, was found that heaters what was use is estimated too powerful, which mean heaters using had be periodize. The periodize of heaters avoided CLT-elements cracking

Kudoksen sisäänajolaitteen huoltodokumentointimallin luominen

Fabric Insertion Unit -laitteita käytetään kudoksenvaihtoon paperi- tai kartonkikoneella. Tavoitteena oli saada FIU-tietojen dokumentointiin selkeä ja ohjeistettu suunnitelma siitä, miten laitteet ja niiden huollot dokumentoidaan. Tehtäviin sisältyi systemaattisen huoltodokumentoinnin toimintamallin suunnitteleminen sisältäen huoltoraportointipohjan, koulutusmateriaalin ja FIU-laitekorttien luomisen sekä huollossa tarvittavien osien määrittämisen. Tehtäviin kuului myös huollon sisällöstä kertovan esitysmateriaalin luominen. Valmetin omia tietokantoja haluttiin hyödyntää niin, että käytetään jo olemassa olevia järjestelmiä. Tähän mennessä FIU-huoltoja ei ollut dokumentoitu ollenkaan Valmetin uusimpiin tietokantoihin eikä muitakaan laitteita yksilöiviä tietoja ollut kirjattu näihin järjestelmiin. Huoltodokumentit olivat aiemmin ainoastaan tiedostopohjaisina eri henkilöiden omilla tietokoneilla tai niitä ei löytynyt ollenkaan. Myöskään minkäänlaista systemaattista raportointipohjaa ei ollut olemassa FIU-huolloille vaan huoltoraportit olivat tehty vaihteleviin pohjiin pääosin PowerPoint-esityksinä. Tuloksena jokaiselle FIU-laiteyksilölle tehtiin CoMPass-järjestelmään oma laitekortti, josta näkee laitteen perustiedot, huoltohistorian ja osaluettelon revision. Sinne voidaan linkittää myös työssä aikaansaatu helppokäyttöinen ja nopeasti myös mobiililaitteilla täytettävä kaikkiin huoltoihin sopiva huoltoraportointipohja. Työssä tuodaan esille selkeä malli siitä, miten FIU-laitteiden laite- ja huoltotietoja dokumentoidaan. Työssä luotiin myös visuaalisesti Valmetin uusimpia markkinoinnin esitysmateriaaleja vastaava esitysmateriaali FIU-huollon sisällöstä. Huollon varaosien listat PDM-järjestelmässä tarkastettiin.Fabric Insertion Units (FIU) are used in changing the fabric in the paper machines. The main objective was to develop a functional and instructed operating way for a FIU unit and its service documentation. The assignment included making a new service report template, instructions and unit cards as well as determining the service scope and spare parts needed in the service. The aim was to use Valmet’s own databases so that only existing systems would be used. Previously FIU services had not been documented in any of the newer databases and identifications including the drawing revisions for the units were missing from these databases. Earlier service reports were only randomly stored in hard disks and old databases and all of them did not even exist in any file. FIU services did neither have any systematic report template and all of the existing reports were mainly made on blank PowerPoint presentations. As results of the project, every delivered FIU had its own unit card in Valmet’s CoMPassdatabase showing unit specific basic information, links to the drawing, the bill of material revision and the service history. One universal service report template was also made for all FIU-services. The template is easy and fast to use and it is also mobile device compatible. The template can be linked to the unit cards in the service part. The result highlights a clear functional model of how the FIU unit and its service records are documented. As a secondary result a clear presentation for marketing and education purposes showing the scope of the FIU service was also made. The scope of the service presentation was made to look visually like the other new Valmet’s service marketing presentations. The accuracy of the spare part list was also checked in the PDM system

Tietokoneiden vaihtoprosessin kehittäminen toimeksiantajayrityksessä

Opinnäytetyö toteutetaan toimeksiantona KPMG Oy Ab:lle ja sen tarkoituksena on tutkia tietokoneiden vaihtoprosessia yrityksessä, sekä pohtia kuinka prosessia voidaan nykyisestään kehittää. Tietokoneiden vaihtoprosessi koostuu useista vaiheista, joista yrityksen tietohallinnon kannalta työläin on ollut datojen siirtäminen tietokoneiden välillä. Opinnäytetyössä tutkitaan ja vertaillaan eri ohjelmistoja, joilla datan siirtotoimenpide on mahdollista suorittaa. Opinnäytetyöprojektin aikana valitaan yritykselle parhaiten soveltuva ohjelmisto ja pohditaan, kuinka vaihtoprosessin toimintamallia on mahdollista muuttaa uuden ohjelmiston myötä. Opinnäytteen tavoitteena on havaita tietokoneiden vaihtoprosessin ongelmakohtia ja tuottaa ratkaisuehdotuksia näiden parantamiseksi. Tietokoneiden vaihtaminen on yrityksen help deskin vastuulla ja jokainen vaihtoprosessi aiheuttaa help deskiin lisätyötä. Help deskissä tehtävän työn määrää halutaan vähentää ja kehitysideoita tarkastellaan erityisesti help deskin näkökulmasta. Opinnäytteessä on rajattu datan siirtoon käytettävien ohjelmistojen tutkiminen ainoastaan teoriatiedon pohjalle. Tutkittavien ohjelmistojen testaaminen yksitellen ei ollut opinnäytetyöprojektin aikataulun puitteissa mahdollista. Projektin aikana yrityksessä käytettäväksi ohjelmistoksi valittiin Microsoftin User State Migration Tool (USMT), jonka käyttöönoton valmistelu oli opinnäytetyön tekijän vastuulla. Työ tehtiin tiiviissä yhteistyössä toimeksiantajan edustajan ja help desk tiimin kanssa. Tietokoneiden vaihtoprosessista suoriutumiseen nopeasti ja pienellä vaivalla vaikuttaa yrityksessä käytettävät teknologiat. USMT:illa datan siirto-operaation toteuttaminen edellyttää vain vähän toimenpiteitä ja niiden suorittaminen onnistuu vaikka loppukäyttäjiltä. Opinnäytetyön tulosten pohjalta toimeksiantajayrityksessä on mahdollista siirtyä toimintamalliin, jonka myötä help deskin työmäärä vaihtoprosessissa pienenee merkittävästi

Connection of growth and wood density with wood anatomy in downy birch grown in two different soil types

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Toxicological evaluation of exhaust emissions from light-duty vehicles using different fuel alternatives in sub-freezing conditions

Background: Emissions from road traffic are under constant discussion since they pose a major threat to human health despite the increasingly strict emission targets and regulations. Although the new passenger car regulations have been very effective in reducing the particulate matter (PM) emissions, the aged car fleet in some EU countries remains a substantial source of PM emissions. Moreover, toxicity of PM emissions from multiple new types of bio-based fuels remain uncertain and different driving conditions such as the sub-zero running temperature has been shown to affect the emissions. Overall, the current literature and experimental knowledge on the toxicology of these PM emissions and conditions is scarce. Methods: In the present study, we show that exhaust gas PM from newly regulated passenger cars fueled by different fuels at sub-zero temperatures, induce toxicological responses in vitro. We used exhaust gas volume-based PM doses to give us better insight on the real-life exposure and included one older diesel car to estimate the effect of the new emissions regulations. Results: In cars compliant with the new regulations, gasoline (E10) displayed the highest PM concentrations and toxicological responses, while the higher ethanol blend (E85) resulted in slightly lower exhaust gas PM concentrations and notably lower toxicological responses in comparison. Engines powered by modern diesel and compressed natural gas (CNG) yielded the lowest PM concentrations and toxicological responses. Conclusions: The present study shows that toxicity of the exhaust gas PM varies depending on the fuels used. Additionally, concentration and toxicity of PM from an older diesel car were vastly higher, compared to contemporary vehicles, indicating the beneficial effects of the new emissions regulations.publishedVersionPeer reviewe

Toxicity of exhaust emissions from high aromatic and non-aromatic diesel fuels using in vitro ALI exposure system

The differences in the traffic fuels have been shown to affect exhaust emissions and their toxicity. Especially, the aromatic content of diesel fuel is an important factor considering the emissions, notably particulate matter (PM) concentrations. The ultra-fine particles (UFP, particles with a diameter of <100 nm) are important components of engine emissions and connected to various health effects, such as pulmonary and systematic inflammation, and cardiovascular disorders. Studying the toxicity of the UFPs and how different fuel options can be used for mitigating the emissions and toxicity is crucial. In the present study, emissions from a heavy-duty diesel engine were used to assess the exhaust emission toxicity with a thermophoresis-based in vitro air-liquid interface (ALI) exposure system. The aim of the study was to evaluate the toxicity of engine exhaust and the potential effect of 20 % aromatic fossil diesel and 0 % aromatic renewable diesel fuel on emission toxicity. The results of the present study show that the aromatic content of the fuel increases emission toxicity, which was seen as an increase in genotoxicity, distinct inflammatory responses, and alterations in the cell cycle. The increase in genotoxicity was most likely due to the PM phase of the exhaust, as the exposures with high-efficiency particulate absorbing (HEPA)-filtered exhaust resulted in a negligible increase in genotoxicity. However, the solely gaseous exposures still elicited immunological responses. Overall, the present study shows that decreasing the aromatic content of the fuels could be a significant measure in mitigating traffic exhaust toxicity.publishedVersionPeer reviewe

Effects of fuel composition and vehicle operating temperature on in vitro toxicity of exhaust emissions

Traffic as an important part of the energy sector significantly contributes to global air pollution. To mitigate the hazardous components of traffic emissions regulations have been implemented resulting in technological solutions such as exhaust after-treatment systems. However, fuels also play a crucial role in emissions and components such as the aromatic compounds in fuel have been linked to increased exhaust emissions. Several current emissions regulations neglect environmental factors, such as cold operating temperatures, that can significantly increase emissions. Moreover, the effect of fuel aromatics and cold temperature on emissions toxicity has not been adequately studied. This study evaluates the impact of after-treatment systems, aromatic fuel content, and cold operating temperature on emission toxicity. To achieve this, four different light-duty vehicles were used in a temperature-controlled dynamometer room, with a co-culture of A549 and THP-1 cell lines exposed to online exhaust emissions using a thermophoresis-based air-liquid interface (ALI) system. The results demonstrate that the aromatic content of both diesel and gasoline fuels increases exhaust toxicity. The study additionally emphasises the potential of particulate filters as after-treatment systems to reduce the toxicity of emissions and highlights how cold running temperatures result in higher exhaust toxicity. The study also assessed the diesel particulate filter (DPF) active regeneration event, which leads to multi-fold emissions and higher toxicological responses. Overall, the study provides crucial novel results on how various factors affect the toxicity of exhaust emissions from modern light-duty vehicles, providing insights into decreasing the emissions from this energy sector.Peer reviewe