CONSTRUCTING AND STANDARDIZING THE SCALE OF NEGATIVE RUMINATIVE THINKING ON A SAMPLE OF STUDENTS FROM THE COLLEGE OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORTS SCIENCES ACCORDING TO THE GENDER VARIABLE

Several aspects represent the importance of the psychological aspect of that segment, the most important of which is the psychological pressures facing that segment; hence, the researcher wanted to study part of those psychological conditions that negatively affect through studies, which are subject to the results and that one of the most important of those variables to be studied is negative ruminative thinking, which is an obstacle stone that affects the intellectual and physical development of the student in general and the student of physical education and sports sciences in particular, who is the previous negative thoughts to the student's mind, which affects the student's level physically and mentally, whether they are males or females. Hence, the importance of the research is to highlight the psychological aspect of ruminative negative thinking in the research sample. The research problem lies in the study of negative ruminative thinking. The researcher pushed the study of this variable on the research sample after noticing the lack of interest in sports activities and the loss of motivation and energy by most students, which is one of the symptoms of negative ruminative thinking, which reflects negatively on the results of students. The Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, where the study aimed to build and codify the ruminative negative thinking scale for students of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, while the research fields included the human field. A sample of students of the first stage of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Maysan University) for the academic year 2023-2024. Classrooms of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Maysan. The time range is determined: the period from 15/11/2023 to 15/01/2024. The researcher used the descriptive approach in the (comparative) method, and the research sample consisted of (166) male and female students from the first stage divided into 123 male and 43 female students as well as the researcher built and applied the ruminative negative thinking scale and the SPSS system was used to obtain the results of the research, and the researcher concluded that practicing sports activity by adhering to lectures among female students had a positive impact on the psychological state more than students. The researcher recommended emphasizing parents, professors, and the university administration as a whole to pay attention to students' affairs for the purpose of harmony with society, especially in the first stage.  Article visualizations

Obstetric-Gynecological Complications in Neuromuscular Disorders

Background and Objective: The data on the obstetric and gynecological complications in patients diagnosed with neuromuscular diseases is very limited and is primarily obtained from various case reports, series, and small studies.  The objective of our study was to analyze the prevalence of these complications in a large cohort of patients with various neuromuscular diseases. Methods: This study is a retrospective chart review of patients diagnosed with various neuromuscular diseases at the University of Missouri, Columbia, from 2012 to 2017. We included patients who have at least one year follow up with us. We collected data on patient demographics, neuromuscular disease diagnosed, obstetric complications, and gynecologic complications. Data are reported as means ± SEM, and the results reported using prevalence rates. Results: Ninety-five female patients were identified. Among them, 97% were Caucasian, and 3% were African-American with a mean age of 47.96 years.  Neuromuscular diseases identified among them are Myasthenia Gravis (44%), Muscular Dystrophy (23%), Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis-ALS (16%), Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease-CMT (10%), and Spinal Muscular atrophy- SMA (7%). The majority of the patients reviewed have had no obstetric complications- (89.40%). The most common obstetric complication recorded was C-section (8.40%).  41% of women did not have any gynecological complaints. Urine incontinence (24.20%) is the most common complication. Conclusion: C-sections and urinary incontinence are common obstetric and gynecological events seen in women with neuromuscular disease

Effect of light intensity on carbohydrates, lipids contents, and bioethanol production in two algal species of Coelastrella saipanensis and Oscillatoria duplisecta

This study aimed to examine the feasibility of two algal species of Coelastrella saipanensis (Chlorophyceae) and Oscillatoria duplisecta (Cyanophyceae) to produce bioethanol production at different light intensities. In the present study, light-intensity treatments at 27, 36, and 67 µmol m-2 s-1 were used to stimulate bioethanol production from microalga. The effects of these treatments on C. saipanensis and O. duplisecta were investigated on their growth, carbohydrate and lipids contents. The results showed that the stationary phase of C. saipanensis started on the sixth day under light intensities of 27 and 36 µmol m-2 s-1 and on the eighth day under light intensity of 67 µmol m-2 s-1. The stationary stage of blue-green algae O. duplisecta started on day eight, sixth, and seventh under light intensities of 27, 36, and 67 µmol m-2 s-1, respectively. The highest amount of carbohydrate content was 0.182, and 0.310 mg/l for C. saipanensis and O. duplisecta under light intensity of 36 ?mol m-2 s-1. The highest amount of lipid was 0.95 g/l for C. saipanensis under a light intensity of 36 ?mol m-2 s-1, while 0.74 g/L was the highest amount of lipid for O. duplisecta under 67 µmol m-2 s-1 at a light intensity of 36 µmol m-2 s-1. The highest percentage of bioethanol in C. saipanensis and O. duplisecta were 11.35 and 10.23%, respectively. The 18S rRNA and 16S rRNA genes were used for the identification, and the sequences of algae matched those registered in the GenBank (MT375484.1 for C. saipanensis and MW405018.1 for O. duplisecta). The phylogenetic tree of the ITS area was analyzed inside the 18S rRNA and 16S rRNA and the sequences showed a strong resemblance to those species registered in the Genebank

Measuring Water Poverty Index in Urban Areas of Punjab

The urban population of Punjab is growing rapidly. It is projected that there will be a 25 to 30 percent increase in urban population by 2020. This rapid population increase is causing major problems in the efficient provision of urban services in these cities. To evaluate the effect of this population increase, this paper tries to produce an integrated assessment of water stress and scarcity, linking physical estimates of water availability with socioeconomic variables that reflect poverty, i.e., a Water Poverty Index. It is understood that poor households face the problem of the accessibility of potable water, and this results in a significant loss of time and effort, especially for women. On the basis of multiple data sources, this paper evaluates water poverty in three panels of large, intermediate, and small cities of Punjab. The results show the same water poverty level within the panels but a higher poverty level in large cities than small and intermediate cities

Brain Drain: Post Graduation Migration Intentions and the influencing factors among Medical Graduates from Lahore, Pakistan

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The increasing migration of health professionals to affluent countries is not a recent phenomenon and has been addressed in literature. However the various facets of physician migration from Pakistan, the third leading source of International medical graduates has not been rigorously evaluated. The objective of the current study was to survey final year students and recent medical graduates in Lahore, Pakistan about their intentions to train abroad, their post training plans as well as to identify the factors responsible for their motivation for international migration.</p> <p>Method</p> <p>A self administered structured questionnaire was developed to collect respondents' demographic and educational characteristics, intention to train abroad, their preferred destination & post training intentions of returning to Pakistan. Various influencing factors which impact on medical graduate's motivation to train abroad or stay in Pakistan were explored using a 10 point scale. SPSS software was used for data entry and analysis.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Of the 400 eligible respondents, 275 responded (response rate 68.7%). One hundred and sixty six respondents (60.4%) intended to train abroad either for a specialty (54.9%) or a subspecialty (5.5%) The United States and United Kingdom were the most preferred destination. While 14.2% intended to return to Pakistan immediately after training, a significant percentage (10%) never intended to return to Pakistan or wished to stay abroad temporarily (37%). Professional excellence and establishing quickly in the competitive market were the most important goal to be achieved by the respondents for intention for postgraduate training abroad. The most common reasons cited for training abroad were the impact of residency training on future career (mean score 8.20 ± 2.3), financial conditions of doctors (mean score 7.97 ± 2.37) and job opportunities (mean score7.90 ± 2.34).</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>An alarming percentage of medical graduates from Lahore, Pakistan intend to migrate for post graduate training, mainly to United States. A significant proportion wished to stay in the host country either temporarily or indefinitely. Impact of residency abroad on future career, financial conditions of doctors, job opportunities and better working conditions were some of the motivating factors behind the migration.</p

Detection of carbapenemases blaOXA48-blaKPC-blaNDM-blaVIM and extended-spectrum-β-lactamase blaOXA1-blaSHV-blaTEM genes in Gram-negative bacterial isolates from ICU burns patients

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Burn patients are highly susceptible to invasion by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (MDR-GNB) through post-burn damage. The prevalence of MDR-GNB isolated from burns patients has increased dramatically in the last decade, representing a serious risk to patients admitted to burns units worldwide. The challenges of managing infected burns patients are exacerbated in poor resource settings. This study was designed to develop a pathway for the rapid diagnosis of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative infections and identify the bacterial genes including blaOXA1, blaTEM, and blaSHV encoding ESBLs and blaOXA48, blaKPC, blaNDM, and blaVIM encoding carbapenemases from the patient of post burns infection.  METHODS: Clinical isolates were collected (August 2017 to August 2018) from Intensive care unit (ICU) of Burn Centre. Antibiotic susceptibility testing and phenotypic detection of ESBLs and carbapenemases was performed by disk diffusion, double disk synergy test (DDST), combination disk test (CDT), and Imipenem + EDTA combined disk test (IMP + EDTA CDT). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection was performed for ESBLs blaOXA1-blaSHV-blaTEM and carbapenemases genes blaOXA48-blaKPC-blaNDM-blaVIM RESULTS: In total, of 170 Gram-negative isolates, 104 (61.2%) were confirmed as multidrug-resistant (MDR); Pseudomonas aeruginosa was found to be the most prevalent 43/104 (41.4%), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae 17/104 (16.4%), Acinetobacter baumannii12/104 (11.5%), and 6/104 Proteus mirabilis (5.8%). All isolates (100%) were resistant to cefotaxime and ceftazidime, while the meropenem resistance was 58.7%. ESBL and carbapenemase genotypes were found to be associated with higher MAR index (0.65-0.88) and MIC (> 32 µg/ml) values P. aeruginosa was the major ESBL and carbapenemase producer as determined by phenotypic testing and PCR. blaTEM positive isolates among ESBLs producers were predominant 81.8% (27/33), followed by 27.3% blaOXA1 and blaSHV, respectively. blaVIM positive isolates among carbapenemase producers were predominant 47.7% (21/44), followed by 27.3% blaKPC, 20.5% blaOXA48, and 11.4% blaNDM positive isolates. CONCLUSIONS: The predominant organism causing burn infections was ESBL and carbapenemase-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa. There are only limited effective antibiotics against such strains. blaVIM and blaTEM individually and in co-existence with blaKPC, blaOXA48, blaSHV, and blaOXA1 confer antimicrobial resistance in burns patients. Rapid detection of ESBL and carbapenemase genes will inform treatment strategies improving the outcome for post-burn patients in ICU

Evaluation of Xpert MTB/RIF testing for rapid diagnosis of childhood pulmonary tuberculosis in children by Xpert MTB/RIF testing of stool samples in a low resource setting

Objective: Children with tuberculosis (TB) remain underdiagnosed due to difculty in testing for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection. We evaluated the Xpert MTB/RIF assay for respiratory and stool testing in children for pulmonary TB through a cross-sectional study at tertiary care facilities in Karachi, Pakistan. Fifty children aged 0–15 years screened by a modifed Kenneth-Jones (KJ) score were included. Mycobacterial culture of respiratory samples was the microbiological standard against stool Xpert TB results. All positive TB cases were compared against a treatment response standard (TRS).Results: Twelve study subjects were diagnosed by Xpert TB and nine by MTB culture. Compared with culture [gastric aspirates (GA)/sputum (spm)], stool Xpert TB had a sensitivity of 88.9% (95% CI 50.7–99.4) and a specifcity of 95% (95% CI 81.8–99.1). Xpert TB stool versus GA/spm had sensitivity of 81.8% (95% CI 47.8–96.8) and specifcity of 94.7% (95% CI 84.6–99.9). We found good agreement (kappa scores of \u3e0.8) between stool Xpert, GA/spm Xpert and GA/ spm culture. Stool Xpert PPV and NPV against TRS was 100 and 82.1% respectively. Stool Xpert TB is a relatively easy option for diagnosis for pulmonary childhood TB in a high burden low-resource setting

Proposed Model for Wastewater Treatment in Lahore using Constructed Wetlands

In developing countries, huge quantities of wastewater are disposed into water bodies without any treatment. Process complexity, high energy consumption, and high capital and operational costs have made the conventional treatment methods difficult to adopt in these countries. Lack of trained and skilled personnel to operate these highly sophisticated and complex systems is also a key problem associated with the conventional treatment methods. Constructed wetlands (CW) are engineered systems that have been designed and constructed to utilize the natural processes involving wetland vegetation, soils and the associated microbial assemblages to assist in treating wastewaters. It is a low cost and energy efficient option for a country like Pakistan which faces increased power shortages-an essential requirement for the majority of treatment methods. Therefore, its application for the treatment of wastewater of Lahore city was investigated in this study. A local plant, Reed (Phragmites) was evaluated for its potential use in constructed wetland. A lab scale wetland (using an earth pot) was used with reed as vegetation. Removal efficiency of the system was evaluated at different detention times ranging from 1-5 days. The results demonstrated 90% removal for TSS, 75% removal for BOD and 80% removal for COD at 5 days detention time. The mean effluent concentration of 10 mg/L, 40 mg/L and 68 mg/L for TSS, BOD and COD, respectively was obtained at 5-days detention period, thus complying with effluent standards of Pakistan. The results of the study support the suitability of CW for Lahore and also motivate for detailed pilot plant studies

An integrated transcriptome analysis in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia links DNA methylation subgroups to dysregulated TAL1 and ANTP homeobox gene expression

Classification of pediatric T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) patients into CIMP (CpG Island Methylator Phenotype) subgroups has the potential to improve current risk stratification. To investigate the biology behind these CIMP subgroups, diagnostic samples from Nordic pediatric T-ALL patients were characterized by genome-wide methylation arrays, followed by targeted exome sequencing, telomere length measurement, and RNA sequencing. The CIMP subgroups did not correlate significantly with variations in epigenetic regulators. However, the CIMP+ subgroup, associated with better prognosis, showed indicators of longer replicative history, including shorter telomere length (P = 0.015) and older epigenetic (P <0.001) and mitotic age (P <0.001). Moreover, the CIMP+ subgroup had significantly higher expression of ANTP homeobox oncogenes, namely TLX3, HOXA9, HOXA10, and NKX2-1, and novel genes in T-ALL biology including PLCB4, PLXND1, and MYO18B. The CIMP- subgroup, with worse prognosis, was associated with higher expression of TAL1 along with frequent STIL-TAL1 fusions (2/40 in CIMP+ vs 11/24 in CIMP-), as well as stronger expression of BEX1. Altogether, our findings suggest different routes for leukemogenic transformation in the T-ALL CIMP subgroups, indicated by different replicative histories and distinct methylomic and transcriptomic profiles. These novel findings can lead to new therapeutic strategies.Peer reviewe

Genetic Variation of Trichomonas vaginalis Isolates from Iraqi Women: Association with Fertility and Cervical Abnormalities

الخلفية/ الهدف: داء المشعرات المهبلية هو واحد من أكثر الأمراض غير الفيروسية المنقولة جنسيا, يسببه طفيلي Trichomonas vaginalis. لا يعرف سوى القليل عن التنوع الوراثي والهيكل المعيشي لهذا الطفيلي. هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى تحديد التنوع الوراثي لعزلات طفيلي المشعرات المهبلية وارتباطه بالخصوبة وتشوهات عنق الرحم. الأساليب: تم تعيين مجموعة من 154 امرأة عراقية ممن يراجعن قسم الولادة والامراض النسائية في عدد من مستشفيات محافظة بغداد خلال الفترة من شباط 2013 إلى نيسان 2014 ، لهذه الدراسة. تم استخراج الحمض النووي لعزلات الطفيلي من مزروع المسحات المهبلية. تم إجراء طريقة التنميط التتابعي المتعدد المواقع (MLST) لستة من الجينات المرجعية لدراسة التغيرات الجينية. النتائج: ثلاث وخمسون امرأة (34.41 ٪) قد أعطت نتيجة موجبة للأصابة بالطفيلي T.vaginalis. أظهرت طريقة MLST وجود اليلات مختلفة. وكان للمورث glut أعلى درجة من التغايرات بين المورثات الستة. الاستنتاج: يمكن الاستنتاج أن التنوع الوراثي في ​​الكائن الحي نفسه في عزلات العراق ، يمكن أن يرتبط بالنتائج السريرية. هناك حاجة إلى مزيد من الدراسات MLST لمقارنة عدد أكبر من العزلات من مختلف المواقع ودراسة الطفرات المحددة في المورثات المرجعية لنساء&nbsp; اللاتي يعانين من العقم ومن تشوهات عنق الرحم. الكلمات المفتاحية: طفيلي المشعرات المهبلية. التغاير الوراثي, الخصوبة, تشوهات عنق الرحم, طريقة التنميط التتابعي المتعدد المواقع.Background: Trichomoniasis, is one of the most common non-viral sexually transmitted diseases caused by the parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. Little is known about the genetic diversity and population structure of this parasite. This study aimed to determine the genetic diversity of T. vaginalis isolated from Iraqi women and its association with the fertility and the cervical abnormalities. Methods: Overall, 154 Iraqi women attending the Gynecology Outpatient departments in Baghdad Province, Iraq from February 2013 to April 2014, were enrolled in this study. DNA of T. vaginalis isolates was extracted from the culture of high vaginal swabs. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) method for six housekeeping genes was done in studying the genetic variations. Results: Fifty-three women (34.41%) were positive for T. vaginalis. MLST method resulted in different alleles. With glutaminase gene, the highest degree of variation was found among the six genes. Conclusion: The genetic diversity in the organism itself in Iraqi isolates can associate with clinical outcome. Further MLST studies are needed to compare a larger number of isolates from different localities and correlate the certain mutations in housekeeping genes to infertile women and patients with cervical abnormalities