Large expert-curated database for benchmarking document similarity detection in biomedical literature search

Document recommendation systems for locating relevant literature have mostly relied on methods developed a decade ago. This is largely due to the lack of a large offline gold-standard benchmark of relevant documents that cover a variety of research fields such that newly developed literature search techniques can be compared, improved and translated into practice. To overcome this bottleneck, we have established the RElevant LIterature SearcH consortium consisting of more than 1500 scientists from 84 countries, who have collectively annotated the relevance of over 180 000 PubMed-listed articles with regard to their respective seed (input) article/s. The majority of annotations were contributed by highly experienced, original authors of the seed articles. The collected data cover 76% of all unique PubMed Medical Subject Headings descriptors. No systematic biases were observed across different experience levels, research fields or time spent on annotations. More importantly, annotations of the same document pairs contributed by different scientists were highly concordant. We further show that the three representative baseline methods used to generate recommended articles for evaluation (Okapi Best Matching 25, Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency and PubMed Related Articles) had similar overall performances. Additionally, we found that these methods each tend to produce distinct collections of recommended articles, suggesting that a hybrid method may be required to completely capture all relevant articles. The established database server located at https://relishdb.ict.griffith.edu.au is freely available for the downloading of annotation data and the blind testing of new methods. We expect that this benchmark will be useful for stimulating the development of new powerful techniques for title and title/abstract-based search engines for relevant articles in biomedical research.Peer reviewe

Public key authentication schemes for local area networks

The invention of public-key cryptography makes many new network applications, such as electronic commerce (CE), possible. However, the widely used Internet is open and unprotected. Therefore, verifying the legitimacy of an individual's public key is very important. Most of the key authentication schemes require one or more trustworthy authorities to authenticate the key of a user. Consequently, the system security is mainly dependent on the honesty of these third parties. Unfortunately, a security solution in wide area networks (for example, the Internet) often cannot be applied to local area networks directly without any modification. Sometimes, a complete rebuild is necessary, especially for performance criteria consideration. In this paper, we propose two simple key authentication schemes that require no certification authorities for computer systems in local area networks, in which a host is responsible for user authentication and it uses a designated password authentication mechanism

Assessing the timing of greigite formation and the reliability of the Upper Olduvai polarity transition record from the Crostolo River, Italy

The Crostolo River section in Italy yielded a detailed record of the Upper Olduvai geomagnetic polarity transition that has been used to support the hypothesis of deep mantle control on the transitional geomagnetic field. The paleomagnetic record is carried by the authigenic iron sulphide, greigite, which was interpreted to have formed shortly after deposition. Our detailed scanning electron microscope investigations indicate the presence of at least 3 generations of pyrite, which usually forms with greigite as a precursor. This suggests that the total magnetization is a complex composite that produced a smoothed record of transitional field behaviour

What do the HIRM and S-ratio really measure in environmental magnetism?

The “hard” isothermal remanent magnetization (HIRM) and the S-ratio are widely used in environmental magnetism to quantify the absolute and relative concentrations, respectively, of antiferromagnetic minerals (hematite and goethite) in mineral mixtures. We demonstrate that synthetic Al-substituted hematite and goethite exhibit a wide range of coercivities, which significantly influences the HIRM and S-ratio. These parameters are therefore not necessarily straightforward indicators of the absolute and relative concentrations of hematite/goethite. To circumvent this problem, we propose a new parameter (the L-ratio), which is the ratio of two remanences after alternating field (AF) demagnetization of an IRM imparted in a 1 T field with a peak AF of 100 mT and 300 mT: IRMAF@300mT/IRMAF@100mT. These parameters are easily measured using modern vibrating sample or alternating gradient magnetometers. Changes in HIRM only reflect changes in the absolute concentration of hematite and/or goethite if the L-ratio is relatively constant. Conversely, L-ratio fluctuations indicate variable coercivities that possibly reflect changes in the source of hematite/goethite. Corresponding HIRM and S-ratio variations should be interpreted with caution in such cases. The L-ratio can be determined using equivalent terms depending on available instrumentation and measurement protocols. For example, the HIRM is equivalent to IRMAF@300mT. Likewise, 0.5*(SIRM + IRM-100mT), where IRM-100mT represents the remanent magnetization obtained by first saturating the sample in a high field and then applying a back-field of -100 mT, is equivalent to IRMAF@100mT. The HIRM/[0.5*(SIRM + IRM-100mT)] ratio is therefore a suitable substitute for the L-ratio when measurements are made with a long-core magnetometer. The newly proposed L-ratio is straightforward to measure on a wide range of instruments and can provide significant new insights and reduce ambiguities associated with interpretation of two widely used parameters in environmental magnetism, the HIRM and S-ratio

Extended Relation Metadata for SCORM-based Learning Content Management Systems

To increase the interoperability and reusability of learning objects, Advanced Distributed Learning Initiative developed a model called Content Aggregation Model (CAM) to describe learning objects and express relationships between learning objects. However, the suggested relations defined in the CAM can only describe structure-oriented relationships and cannot express semantic relationships between learning objects. Although extended relations were proposed in the past, some of the proposed relations are redundant and even inappropriate. In addition, the usefulness of these relations has never been formally studied. To solve the problems, we systematically studied these relations from authors' perspective and proposed an extension to CAM. The extension was tested by 30 authors using a web-based learning content management system that was developed by us

Immunomagnetic reduction assay on chloramphenicol extracted from shrimp

The application of the assay methodology, called immunomagnetic reduction, using bio-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles as labeling markers for chloramphenicol was investigated. The reduction in the alternative-current (ac) magnetic susceptibility chi(ac) of magnetic nanoparticles caused by the association between magnetic nanoparticles and chloramphenicol was detected as a function of the concentration of chloramphenicol. In this study, the characterizations used to detect chloramphenicol, such as low-detection limit and interference, were also conducted. Furthermore, the extracting processes for chloramphenicol from shrimp were explored. Thus, the platform for detecting chloramphenicol residue in shrimp via immunomagnetic reduction was demonstrated. Such platform showed features of a 0.1-ppb low-detection limit, low interference from other kinds of antibiotics, and easy operation. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Nitride-based high power flip-chip near-UV LEDs with reflective submount

Nitride-based high power flip-chip near-ultraviolet (UV) light emitting diodes (LEDs) with a reflective mirror are fabricated by depositing Al onto a Si submount. It is demonstrated that the Al layer coated onto a Si submount can effectively reflect downward emitting photons for flip-chip LEDs. Although the operation voltage of the proposed LEDs is slightly increased, it is found that the output power is at least 30% higher than that of conventional LEDs. It is also found that flip-chip near-UV LEDs are more reliable than conventional non-flip-chip LEDs

One-polymer active pixel

[[abstract]]© 2004 American Institute of Physics-The fabrication of a metal-oxide field-effect transistor (MOSFET) based on an electroluminescent conjugated polymer on glass substrate was studied. An active pixel in which the light emitting diode (LED) and a MOSFET share the same active polymer was demonstrated using poly [2-methoxy-5 (2 prime -ethyl-hexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene vinylene] (MEH-PPV) model. Individual mobility measurement was performed by fitting the space-charge-limited current (SCLC) in horizontal electrodes. The results shows that the horizontal mobility for the MOSFET in the spin-coated film can be three orders of magnitude larger than the vertical mobility for the LED.[[fileno]]2030159010008[[department]]電機工程學