Parameterized Edge Hamiltonicity

We study the parameterized complexity of the classical Edge Hamiltonian Path problem and give several fixed-parameter tractability results. First, we settle an open question of Demaine et al. by showing that Edge Hamiltonian Path is FPT parameterized by vertex cover, and that it also admits a cubic kernel. We then show fixed-parameter tractability even for a generalization of the problem to arbitrary hypergraphs, parameterized by the size of a (supplied) hitting set. We also consider the problem parameterized by treewidth or clique-width. Surprisingly, we show that the problem is FPT for both of these standard parameters, in contrast to its vertex version, which is W-hard for clique-width. Our technique, which may be of independent interest, relies on a structural characterization of clique-width in terms of treewidth and complete bipartite subgraphs due to Gurski and Wanke

Direct determination of band-gap renormalization in degenerately doped ultrawide band gap β-Ga_{2}O_{3} semiconductor

Ga2O3 is emerging as a promising wide band-gap semiconductor for high-power electronics and deep ultraviolet optoelectronics. It is highly desirable to dope it with controllable carrier concentrations for different device applications. This work reports a combined photoemission spectroscopy and theoretical calculation study on the electronic structure of Si doped Ga_{2}O_{3} films with carrier concentration varying from 4.6×10^{18} cm^{−3} to 2.6×10^{20} cm^{−3}. Hard x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to directly measure the widening of the band gap as a result of occupation of conduction band and band-gap renormalization associated with many-body interactions. A large band-gap renormalization of 0.3 eV was directly observed in heavily doped Ga_{2}O_{3}. Supplemented with hybrid density functional theory calculations, we demonstrated that the band-gap renormalization results from the decrease in energy of the conduction band edge driven by the mutual electrostatic interaction between added electrons. Moreover, our work reveals that Si is a superior dopant over Ge and Sn, because Si 3s forms a resonant donor state above the conduction band minimum, leaving the host conduction band mostly unperturbed and a high mobility is maintained though the doping level is high. Insights of the present work have significant implications in doping optimization of Ga_{2}O_{3} and realization of optoelectronic devices

Deep UV transparent conductive oxide thin films realized through degenerately doped wide-bandgap gallium oxide

Deep UV transparent thin films have recently attracted considerable attention owing to their potential in UV and organic-based optoelectronics. Here, we report the achievement of a deep UV transparent and highly conductive thin film based on Si-doped Ga_{2}O_{3} (SGO) with high conductivity of 2500 S/cm. The SGO thin films exhibit high transparency over a wide spectrum ranging from visible light to deep UV wavelength and, meanwhile, have a very low work-function of approximately 3.2 eV. A combination of photoemission spectroscopy and theoretical studies reveals that the delocalized conduction band derived from Ga 4s orbitals is responsible for the Ga_{2}O_{3} films’ high conductivity. Furthermore, Si is shown to act as an efficient shallow donor, yielding high mobility up to approximately 60 cm^{2}/Vs. The superior optoelectronic properties of SGO films make it a promising material for use as electrodes in high-power electronics and deep UV and organic-based optoelectronic devices

Diffractive Phenomena and Shadowing in Deep-Inelastic Scattering

Shadowing effects in deep-inelastic lepton-nucleus scattering probe the mass spectrum of diffractive leptoproduction from individual nucleons. We explore this relationship using current experimental information on both processes. In recent data from the NMC and E665 collaboration, taken at small x << 0.1 and Q^2 < 1 GeV^2, shadowing is dominated by the diffractive excitation and coherent interaction of low mass vector mesons. If shadowing is explored at small x > 1 GeV^2 as discussed at HERA, the situation is different. Here dominant contributions come from the coherent interaction of diffractively produced heavy mass states. Furthermore we observe that the energy dependence of shadowing is directly related to the mass dependence of the diffractive production cross section for free nucleon targets.Comment: 12 pages Latex, 8 figure

The importance of baseline viral load when assessing relative efficacy in treatment-naïve HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: To date no network meta-analysis (NMA) has accounted for baseline variations in viral load when assessing the relative efficacy of interventions for chronic hepatitis B (CHB). We undertook baseline-adjusted and unadjusted analyses using the same data to explore the impact of baseline viral load (BVL) on CHB treatment response. METHODS: We searched Embase, Medline, Medline in Process and the Cochrane CENTRAL databases for randomised clinical trials (RCTs) of monotherapy interventions at licensed doses for use in CHB. Search strategies comprised CHB disease and drug terms (a combination of controlled vocabulary and free text terms) and also a bespoke RCT filter.The NMA was undertaken in WinBUGs using fixed and random effects methods, using data obtained from a systematic review. Individual patient data (IPD) from an entecavir clinical trial were used to quantify the impact of different baseline characteristics (in particular undetectable viral load (UVL) at 1 year) on relative treatment effect. Study level mean baseline values from all identified studies were used. Results were generated for UVL and presented as relative risks (RRs) and 95% credible intervals (CrIs) using entecavir as reference treatment. RESULTS: Overall, for all eight relevant interventions we identified 3,000 abstracts. Following full text review a total of 35 (including the contents of six clinical study reports) met the inclusion critera; 19 were in hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)-positive patients and 14 of the 19 contained outcome information of relevance to the NMA.Entecavir and tenofovir studies had heterogeneous patient populations in terms of BVL (mean values 9.29 and 8.65 log10 copies/ml respectively). After adjusting UVL for BVL using an informative prior based on the IPD analysis, the difference between entecavir and tenofovir was not statistically significant (RR 1.27, 95% CrI 0.96 to 1.47-fixed effects). A similar conclusion was found in all sensitivity analyses. Adjusted tenofovir results were more consistent with observed clinical trial response rates. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates the importance of adjusting for BVL when assessing the relative efficacy of CHB interventions in achieving UVL. This has implications for both clinical and economic decision making

Explaining the t tbar forward-backward asymmetry without dijet or flavor anomalies

We consider new physics explanations of the anomaly in the top quark forward-backward asymmetry measured at the Tevatron, in the context of flavor conserving models. The recently measured LHC dijet distributions strongly constrain many otherwise viable models. A new scalar particle in the antitriplet representation of flavor and color can fit the t tbar asymmetry and cross section data at the Tevatron and avoid both low- and high-energy bounds from flavor physics and the LHC. An s-channel resonance in uc to uc scattering at the LHC is predicted to be not far from the current sensitivity. This model also predicts rich top quark physics for the early LHC from decays of the new scalar particles. Single production gives t tbar j signatures with high transverse momentum jet, pair production leads to t tbar j j and 4 jet final states.Comment: 7 pages, 6 figures; v2: notation clarified, references adde

QCD Coherence and the Top Quark Asymmetry

Coherent QCD radiation in the hadroproduction of top quark pairs leads to a forward--backward asymmetry that grows more negative with increasing transverse momentum of the pair. This feature is present in Monte Carlo event generators with coherent parton showering, even though the production process is treated at leading order and has no intrinsic asymmetry before showering. In addition, depending on the treatment of recoils, showering can produce a positive contribution to the inclusive asymmetry. We explain the origin of these features, compare them in fixed-order calculations and the Herwig++, Pythia and Sherpa event generators, and discuss their implications.Comment: 28 pages, 11 figures, 2 table

Interpreting ambiguous ‘trace’ results in Schistosoma mansoni CCA Tests: Estimating sensitivity and specificity of ambiguous results with no gold standard

Background The development of new diagnostics is an important tool in the fight against disease. Latent Class Analysis (LCA) is used to estimate the sensitivity and specificity of tests in the absence of a gold standard. The main field diagnostic for Schistosoma mansoni infection, Kato-Katz (KK), is not very sensitive at low infection intensities. A point-of-care circulating cathodic antigen (CCA) test has been shown to be more sensitive than KK. However, CCA can return an ambiguous ‘trace’ result between ‘positive’ and ‘negative’, and much debate has focused on interpretation of traces results. Methodology/Principle findings We show how LCA can be extended to include ambiguous trace results and analyse S. mansoni studies from both Côte d’Ivoire (CdI) and Uganda. We compare the diagnostic performance of KK and CCA and the observed results by each test to the estimated infection prevalence in the population. Prevalence by KK was higher in CdI (13.4%) than in Uganda (6.1%), but prevalence by CCA was similar between countries, both when trace was assumed to be negative (CCAtn: 11.7% in CdI and 9.7% in Uganda) and positive (CCAtp: 20.1% in CdI and 22.5% in Uganda). The estimated sensitivity of CCA was more consistent between countries than the estimated sensitivity of KK, and estimated infection prevalence did not significantly differ between CdI (20.5%) and Uganda (19.1%). The prevalence by CCA with trace as positive did not differ significantly from estimates of infection prevalence in either country, whereas both KK and CCA with trace as negative significantly underestimated infection prevalence in both countries. Conclusions Incorporation of ambiguous results into an LCA enables the effect of different treatment thresholds to be directly assessed and is applicable in many fields. Our results showed that CCA with trace as positive most accurately estimated infection prevalence