Argumentos que se atacan a sí mísmos en marcos argumentativos

Tras exponer las nociones centrales del enfoque de P. M. Dung, se analizará, también de forma abstracta (esto es, independientemente del lenguaje y de la lógica subyacente), la noción de ataque Considerando que puede haber dos relaciones de ataque (una de ellas necesariamente simétrica pero la otra no), se propondrá que los argumentos que se atacan a sí mismos pueden, en su versión más sencilla, de dos clases. Esto posibilitará un refinamiento en el enfoque. Finalmente, se analizará, a modo de ejemplo, un marco que contiene un argumento que se ataca a mismo. Se mostrará que las extensiones de Dung no satisfacen lo que sería intuitivamente ·esperable, y que este resultado varía merced al refinamiento propuesto

La evolución de la estructura salarial, 2002-2010

El artículo examina la evolución de la estructura salarial de los hombres en España en el período 2002-2010 sobre la base de los microdatos de la Encuesta de Estructura Salarial y de la metodología econométrica de descomposición desarrollada por Fortin, Lemieux y Firpo (2011). Se constata que mientras que los salarios reales crecieron moderadamente a lo largo de todo el período, con independencia del ciclo económico, la desigualdad salarial presentó, por el contrario, una evolución contracíclica. Se observan también cambios notables en los determinantes de la evolución de la estructura salarial, ya que mientras que en el período expansivo anterior a la crisis tuvieron un papel protagonista los cambios en los rendimientos salariales, con posterioridad se observan también efectos significativos asociados a las modificaciones en la composición del empleo.The article examines the evolution of the wage structure for men in Spain between 2002 and 2010 on the basis of microdata from the Encuesta de Estructura Salarial and a decomposition econometric methodology developed by Fortin, Lemieux and Firpo (2011). It is observed that real wages grew moderately over the entire period, regardless of the economic cycle, and wage inequality presented a counter-cyclical evolution, increasing significantly after the onset of the economic crisis. Significant changes in the determinants of the evolution of the wage structure are also observed over the period: while changes in wage returns were the most prominent determinants of the evolution of the wage structure during the boom, significant effects are observed during the crisis resulting from changes both in the composition of employment and in wage returns.Este trabajo se ha beneficiado de la financiación del proyecto CSO2011-29943-C03-02 del Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad

Complicações Cardiovasculares Associadas à Infeção por COVID-19

Introduction: Reports of cardiovascular complications related to the COVID-19 infection have been frequent. Methods: Narrative review for relevant articles on the topic. The classic cardiovascular risk factors, like age, obesity, diabetes, and hypertension are associated with adverse outcomes in COVID-19 patients. Cardiovascular complications can have a diverse clinical presentation including silent myocardial injury, acute coronary syndromes, thromboembolism, cardiac arrhythmias, and heart failure. There are multiple mechanisms of cardiac injury that are not mutually exclusive. The approach to diagnosis and management should be carried out according to usual practice, while considering the particularities of COVID-19 infection. Conclusion: The interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and the heart is complex and is manifested in multiple ways. Regardless of the clinical presentation, cardiac complications convey a worse prognosis. Patients should be actively monitored and treated accordingly.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Embodied skillful performance: where the action is

© 2021, The Author(s). When someone masters a skill, their performance looks to us like second nature: it looks as if their actions are smoothly performed without explicit, knowledge-driven, online monitoring of their performance. Contemporary computational models in motor control theory, however, are instructionist: that is, they cast skillful performance as a knowledge-driven process. Optimal motor control theory (OMCT), as representative par excellence of such approaches, casts skillful performance as an instruction, instantiated in the brain, that needs to be executed—a motor command. This paper aims to show the limitations of such instructionist approaches to skillful performance. We specifically address the question of whether the assumption of control-theoretic models is warranted. The first section of this paper examines the instructionist assumption, according to which skillful performance consists of the execution of theoretical instructions harnessed in motor representations. The second and third sections characterize the implementation of motor representations as motor commands, with a special focus on formulations from OMCT. The final sections of this paper examine predictive coding and active inference—behavioral modeling frameworks that descend, but are distinct, from OMCT—and argue that the instructionist, control-theoretic assumptions are ill-motivated in light of new developments in active inference

Métodos de aplicação de bactérias diazotróficas em cana-soca para fins de determinação da eficiência agronômica.

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Exploring the effects of commuting on workers’ satisfaction: evidence for Spain

This paper examines the relationship between commuting time and satisfaction with different life domains. Based on data for Spain, the results show that commuting time exerts a negative impact on all areas of satisfaction for male and female workers, and that longer commutes affect women’s satisfaction disproportionally. Using public transport and walking/cycling worsen this effect, as do higher degrees of urbanization and population density. According to the evidence, whose robustness is tested in several ways, the negative effect of commuting time on satisfaction is greater for lower income workers, although for them the Great Recession moderated this effect.This work was supported by the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) [grant numbers CSO2017-86474-R and CSO2014-55780-C3-2-P (National Plan for Research, Development and Innovation, Spain) (MINECO/AEI/ERDF, EU)]

Reassessing the commuting penalty for immigrants: new evidence from Spain

This article examines the differences in commuting length between native and immigrant employees in Spain, a relevant issue since immigrants' longer commuting times may, among other factors, reflect an imperfect spatial matching of their labour supply and demand with negative implications for their relative labour outcomes and their individual well-being. The research differentiates immigrants according to their origin and is based on a rich, nationally representative database. A novel contribution of the research is the use of decomposition econometric techniques that allow quantifying the joint and individual influence of a wide range of explanatory factors. The evidence obtained shows that, although a relevant part of the explanation of the greater commuting observed for immigrants is related to observed elements such as a different use of modes of transport, they make overall significantly longer journeys when comparing with observationally similar natives. This commuting penalty occurs yet only in the case of immigrants from emerging countries as it does not exist for those from advanced economies. Although the penalty is overall rather similar along several sociodemographic and occupational lines, it is much more pronounced for individuals living in large municipalities, which implies that previous analyses focusing on specific densely populated territories could not be nationally representative. To conclude, we offer additional novel evidence about the potential explanations of the commuting penalty of immigrants showing that it does not seem to derive from a hypothetically greater tolerance to commuting.This work is part of the project CSO2017-86474-R (Spanish State Program of R&D&i), funded by the Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (Agencia Estatal de Investigación, AEI) and the ERDF-EU. Raquel Simón-Albert thanks the funding received from the Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, AEI and the ESF-EU (PRE2018-085908)

Parainfectious Optic Neuritis Followed by Microcystic Macular Oedema

Parainfectious optic neuritis is a very rare cause of acute vision loss. We present a case of a 51-year-old man with a recent upper respiratory tract infection, presumably of viral aetiology, who showed up with complains of painless right eye vision loss, followed by the same symptoms on the left eye 3 weeks later. Ophthalmological examination revealed optic disc swelling (sequential in severity) which was confirmed by optic disc imaging. The remaining evaluations (lumbar puncture, MRI, laboratory and genetic testing) were completely normal. Considering a postviral aetiology, 5-day intravenous methylprednisolone treatment was performed. Follow-up examinations revealed slight visual acuity and visual fields recovery, with subsequent optic disc atrophy and microcystic macular oedema, bilaterally. This case illustrates how important a correct clinical history is to guide a correct diagnosis and posterior management.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Taninos o polifenoles vegetales

El término tanino se acuñó históricamente por el uso empírico que se daba a algunos extractos vegetales para el proceso de tanaje o conversión de las pieles de animales en cuero desde hace más de cien años. El desarrollo de las modernas técnicas instrumentales para la elucidación estructural de sustancias orgánicas, permitió el inicio científico en el área de polifenoles vegetales, término sugerido por el doctor Edwin Haslam en lugar de taninos. En esta revisión se discuten algunos hechos históricos, definiciones, técnicas de aislamiento y elucidación estructural, clasificación y aplicaciones de estos compuestos, desde la curtiembre hasta la industria alimenticia