CHARACTERIZATION OF THE SMALL-SCALE MILK PRODUCTION SYSTEM IN THE SOUTHEASTERN ZONE OF ESTADO DE MÉXICO

El objetivo fue caracterizar el sistema de producción de leche en pequeña escala (SPLPE) de la región Suroriente del Estado de México. Se aplicó una encuesta semiestructurada a la población (153 productores) correspondientes a los municipios de Amecameca y Ayapango; considerando dimensiones productivas (escala), técnicas (sistema productivo) y sociales (fuerza de trabajo). Para caracterizar se utilizó un Análisis Factorial por componentes principales y posteriormente un Análisis Clúster. A partir del análisis factorial se obtuvieron cinco factores que explican el 66 % de la variación total, el primer factor los agrupa por escala, el segundo por nivel educativo, el tercero por diversidad agropecuaria, cuarto por prácticas de manejo sanitario y el último por la capacidad de permanecer a lo largo del tiempo. El Análisis Clúster permitió identificar tres grupos de productores, el primero con mayor escala y con menor producción, el segundo con menor escala pero mayor cantidad de leche por vaca, mientras que el tercero se encuentra entre los anteriores. Se concluye que la producción en pequeña escala es heterogénea, el nivel productivo es bajo, no se emplean tecnologías productivas y el sistema se considera de subsistencia, aunque existe un grupo de con potencial para incrementar la producción de leche

Evaluation of psychomotor skills acquired for surgery by veterinary students using biological simulators

This study aimed to evaluate the acquisition of psychomotor skills using biological simulators in surgical practices by thirdyear students of Veterinary Medicine at the Autonomous Metropolitan University, Mexico City. The Gibson Spiral Test was applied pre- and post-practice to 171 students (92 women, 79 men) between 18 and 38 years old. The techniques practiced were: ligature, synthetic skin, enterotomy, enterectomy, gastrostomy, cystotomy, endotracheal tube placement, permanent intravenous catheter. Students were classified as fast-accurate (FA), fast- inaccurate (FI), slow-accurate (SA), and slow-inaccurate (SI). The test duration decreased by 7.91s (P0.10). There were differences among the fast (F) and slow (S) students pre-practice (P0.10). Comparing practice time difference (P=0.007) between slow and fast in the pre-practice, men performed more quickly in pre-practice and after practice (P<0.0001), with no differences in mean number of errors pre- (P=0.662) and post-practice (P=0.962). We conclude that students showed progress in acquiring motor skills, by increasing their speed and reducing errors, thus increasing the number of fast and accurate students. Men outperformed women

Effects of types and doses of yeast on gas production and in vitro digestibility of diets containing maize (Zea mays) and lucerne (Medicago sativa) or oat hay

Two yeast products formulated with Saccharomyces cerevisiae were evaluated at the same colonyforming units (CFUs) per gram of substrate. Samples of maize, lucerne and oat hays were mixed (0.5 kg) to a proportion of 80% forage (lucerne or oat) with 20% maize (DM basis) and combined with each yeast to obtain 1.5 x 107 or 3.0 x 107 CFU/g DM. There was also a control without yeast. In vitro gas production was measured at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 14, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48, 60, and 72 h incubation. There was no forage/yeast interaction. Both yeast products tended to reduce the maximum volume produced quadratically and lag time linearly, while in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) increased linearly. Ruminal ammonia N and lactic acid were not affected, whereas methane and carbon dioxide tended to be reduced with the intermediate dose of yeast. When the mixture included oat hay, the total volume of gas increased, the lag time decreased, and there was higher IVDMD than in the lucerne-based mixtures, which were associated with lower methane production. Ammonia and lactic acid remained unchanged. The two yeast products showed the same effects on the dynamics of gas production and in vitro digestibility when dosed at the same number of viable cells or CFUs, and there was no interaction with forage quality

CONOCIMIENTO Y PRÁCTICA DE LA HERBOLARIA EN EL ESTADO DE MÉXICO, PAUTAS HACIA LA SUSTENTABILIDAD

Identificar como los productores y recolectores de plantas medicinales utilizan el concepto de sustentabilidad, muchos de los conocimiento que tienen son transmitidos de generación en generación que se pierden cuando ya no hay interés en los jóvenes por estas prácticasLa herbolaria y la medicina tradicional en México son actividades persistentes en la población, las cuales se abordan desde perspectivas diversas, aunque existen pocos reportes que mencionen su sustentabilidad. El objetivo del estudio fue identificar y documentar el conocimiento y prácticas sustentables realizadas por los recolectores, productores y consumidores de plantas medicinales del oriente del estado de México. La hipótesis fue que el conocimiento transmitido intergeneracionalmente ha llevado a una práctica sustentable de la herbolaria. El método etnobotánico se utilizó para determinar la sustentabilidad del sistema. Entrevistas semiestructuradas se realizaron a actores claves que fueron adultos mayores, recolectores y productores de plantas medicinales. En la herbolaria local se identificaron 61 especies de plantas utilizadas, de las cuales 35 se recolectan o cultivan para su venta en el tianguis de Ozumba, estado de México. Los adultos mayores usan las plantas locales y refirieron otras 26 especies diferentes, de las cuales cinco las adquieren en comercios naturistas, de las restantes (21), su utilidad principal no es la medicinal: seis son de ornato, 13 se usan en la cocina y dos se consideran perennes silvestres. La herbolaria sigue presente en el oriente del estado de México, a través de un intercambio proactivo entre el productor recolector y los adultos mayores, quienes adquieren las plantas locales de temporada y favorecen la conservación de prácticas agrícolas amigables con el ambiente. La herbolaria es una práctica sustentable gracias a los procesos de recolección y producción. Aunque puede estar en riesgo debido a la pérdida del conocimiento intergeneracional; ya que al disminuir la transmisibilidad se arriesga el futuro de la actividad. Otros riesgos detectados son económicos por los precios bajos de las plantas medicinales

EFECTO DEL TIPO DE GRANO Y NIVEL DE IONÓFORO SOBRE LA PRODUCCIÓN DE GAS in vitro Y PERFIL FERMENTATIVO

Memorias in extenso de la Reunión Anual de la Asociación Mexicana de Producción Animal A.C.El uso de ionóforos en la producción animal y su uso en sistemas de producción intensivos es ampliamente conocido, ya que estos han mostrado mejorar los patrones de fermentación ruminal incrementando el porcentaje de propionato, reduciendo la producción de metano y mejorando el rendimiento productivo, sin embargo, estos efectos han mostrado ser inconsistentes entre especies, sobre todo en la producción ovina. Por lo que mediante la técnica de producción de gas in vitro, se evaluó el efecto del tipo de grano y nivel de ionóforo sobre variables de cinética de producción de gas y parámetros de fermentación ruminal in vitro, para lo cual se utilizaron como sustrato tres granos con diferente tasa de digestión: maíz, trigo y sorgo y se evaluaron tres niveles de ionóforo 0, 30 y 60 mg kg-1. Los resultados se analizaron mediante un análisis factorial tres por tres (3 tipos de grano X 3 niveles de ionóforo) las medias se compararon con una prueba de Tukey con un nivel de significancia p 0.05). Finalmente podemos concluir que el tipo de grano modifico las variables de cinética de la producción de gas y perfil fermentativo in vitro , por lo que es importante evaluar el tipo de grano a utilizar en las raciones así como el uso de ionóforos para obtener las mejores repuestas productivas y lograr una producción animal más eficiente

Preliminary report on the July 10–11, 2015 explosive eruption at Volcán de Colima: Pyroclastic density currents with exceptional runouts and volume

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2015.11.022Reporte preliminar acerca de una de las últimas etapas eruptivas de Volcán de Colima, análisis realizado a partir de técnicas de percepción remotaOn July 10–11, 2015 an eruption occurred at Colima volcano produced 10.5 km long pyroclastic density currents (PDCs) along the Montegrande, and 6.5 km long along the San Antonio ravines. The summit dome was destroyed and a new crater excavated and breached to the south. This new breach connects to a narrow channel that descends along Colima's southern flank and was used by a subsequent lava flow. The Montegrande PDCs represent the longest and hottest flow of this type recorded during the past 30 years but are still smaller in comparison to the 15-km long PDCs produced during the 1913 Plinian eruption. Data obtained from field reconnaissance, lahar monitoring stations, and satellite imagery suggest that at least six PDCs occurred. The two largest PDCs (H/L 0.2) were able to surmount topographic barriers or bends. Based on field reconnaissance and digital elevation models extracted from SPOT satellite imageries we estimate a minimum volume for the valley-pond and distal fan deposits of 4.5 × 106 m3. After one week, the deposits were still hot with burning trees on the surface and millimeter-sized holes from which fumes were emanating. The juvenile components of the deposits consist of gray dense blocks and vesicular dark-gray blocks and bombs with bread-crust textures and cooling joints. The mineral association of these rocks consists of plagioclase + clinopyroxene + orthopyroxene + FeTi-oxides ± olivine and resorbed hornblende in a dark glassy matrix that corresponds to an andesitic composition.CONACY

Educación ambiental y sociedad. Saberes locales para el desarrollo y la sustentabilidad

EL LIBRO PERMITE REFLEXIONAR SOBRE LA IMPORTANCIA DE FOMENTAL LA EDUCACIÓN AMBIENTAL PARA RESOLVER LA PROBLEMÁTICA AMBIENTALEL LIBRO PRESENTA DIFERENTES TRABAJOS QUE ESTUDIAN EL TEMA D ELA SUSTENTABILIDAD, ENFATIZANDO LA IMPORTANCIA DE LA EDUCACIÓN AMBIENTAL Y LA TRANSDISCIPLINANINGUN

Elective cancer surgery in COVID-19-free surgical pathways during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: An international, multicenter, comparative cohort study

PURPOSE As cancer surgery restarts after the first COVID-19 wave, health care providers urgently require data to determine where elective surgery is best performed. This study aimed to determine whether COVID-19–free surgical pathways were associated with lower postoperative pulmonary complication rates compared with hospitals with no defined pathway. PATIENTS AND METHODS This international, multicenter cohort study included patients who underwent elective surgery for 10 solid cancer types without preoperative suspicion of SARS-CoV-2. Participating hospitals included patients from local emergence of SARS-CoV-2 until April 19, 2020. At the time of surgery, hospitals were defined as having a COVID-19–free surgical pathway (complete segregation of the operating theater, critical care, and inpatient ward areas) or no defined pathway (incomplete or no segregation, areas shared with patients with COVID-19). The primary outcome was 30-day postoperative pulmonary complications (pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, unexpected ventilation). RESULTS Of 9,171 patients from 447 hospitals in 55 countries, 2,481 were operated on in COVID-19–free surgical pathways. Patients who underwent surgery within COVID-19–free surgical pathways were younger with fewer comorbidities than those in hospitals with no defined pathway but with similar proportions of major surgery. After adjustment, pulmonary complication rates were lower with COVID-19–free surgical pathways (2.2% v 4.9%; adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.62; 95% CI, 0.44 to 0.86). This was consistent in sensitivity analyses for low-risk patients (American Society of Anesthesiologists grade 1/2), propensity score–matched models, and patients with negative SARS-CoV-2 preoperative tests. The postoperative SARS-CoV-2 infection rate was also lower in COVID-19–free surgical pathways (2.1% v 3.6%; aOR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.36 to 0.76). CONCLUSION Within available resources, dedicated COVID-19–free surgical pathways should be established to provide safe elective cancer surgery during current and before future SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks

Elective Cancer Surgery in COVID-19-Free Surgical Pathways During the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic: An International, Multicenter, Comparative Cohort Study.

PURPOSE: As cancer surgery restarts after the first COVID-19 wave, health care providers urgently require data to determine where elective surgery is best performed. This study aimed to determine whether COVID-19-free surgical pathways were associated with lower postoperative pulmonary complication rates compared with hospitals with no defined pathway. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This international, multicenter cohort study included patients who underwent elective surgery for 10 solid cancer types without preoperative suspicion of SARS-CoV-2. Participating hospitals included patients from local emergence of SARS-CoV-2 until April 19, 2020. At the time of surgery, hospitals were defined as having a COVID-19-free surgical pathway (complete segregation of the operating theater, critical care, and inpatient ward areas) or no defined pathway (incomplete or no segregation, areas shared with patients with COVID-19). The primary outcome was 30-day postoperative pulmonary complications (pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, unexpected ventilation). RESULTS: Of 9,171 patients from 447 hospitals in 55 countries, 2,481 were operated on in COVID-19-free surgical pathways. Patients who underwent surgery within COVID-19-free surgical pathways were younger with fewer comorbidities than those in hospitals with no defined pathway but with similar proportions of major surgery. After adjustment, pulmonary complication rates were lower with COVID-19-free surgical pathways (2.2% v 4.9%; adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.62; 95% CI, 0.44 to 0.86). This was consistent in sensitivity analyses for low-risk patients (American Society of Anesthesiologists grade 1/2), propensity score-matched models, and patients with negative SARS-CoV-2 preoperative tests. The postoperative SARS-CoV-2 infection rate was also lower in COVID-19-free surgical pathways (2.1% v 3.6%; aOR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.36 to 0.76). CONCLUSION: Within available resources, dedicated COVID-19-free surgical pathways should be established to provide safe elective cancer surgery during current and before future SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks