19 research outputs found

    The Physics of Star Cluster Formation and Evolution

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    © 2020 Springer-Verlag. The final publication is available at Springer via https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-020-00689-4.Star clusters form in dense, hierarchically collapsing gas clouds. Bulk kinetic energy is transformed to turbulence with stars forming from cores fed by filaments. In the most compact regions, stellar feedback is least effective in removing the gas and stars may form very efficiently. These are also the regions where, in high-mass clusters, ejecta from some kind of high-mass stars are effectively captured during the formation phase of some of the low mass stars and effectively channeled into the latter to form multiple populations. Star formation epochs in star clusters are generally set by gas flows that determine the abundance of gas in the cluster. We argue that there is likely only one star formation epoch after which clusters remain essentially clear of gas by cluster winds. Collisional dynamics is important in this phase leading to core collapse, expansion and eventual dispersion of every cluster. We review recent developments in the field with a focus on theoretical work.Peer reviewe

    AnĂĄlise do cariĂłtipo de Apuleia leiocarpa (Vog.) Macbr. Analysis of Apuleia leiocarpa (Vog.) Macbr. karyotype

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    Estudos citogenĂ©ticos da Apuleia leiocarpa foram realizados com o objetivo de determinar e montar o cariĂłtipo da espĂ©cie. As sementes utilizadas foram coletadas na localidade de Cerrito, municĂ­pio de Santa Maria - RS. A pesquisa foi conduzida no LaboratĂłrio de CitogenĂ©tica Vegetal e Biotecnologia do Departamento de Biologia da Universidade federal de Santa Maria - RS, nos anos de 1996 - 1997. Em metĂĄfases de mitose foi encontrada uma variação no nĂșmero de cromossomos de 20 a 28, sugerindo ser a Apuleia leiocarpa uma leguminosa com capacidade de polissomatia. O nĂșmero de cromossomos da espĂ©cie Ă© 2n = 2x = 26, distribuĂ­dos na fĂłrmula cariotĂ­pica 20m + 4 sm + 2 t.<br>Cytogenetic studies of Apuleia leiocarpa were carried out in order to determine and arrange the species karyotype. Seeds were collected in Cerrito, Santa Maria - RS. The research was developed at the Laboratory of Vegetal Cytogenetics and Biotechnology of the Biology Department at the Federal University of Santa Maria - RS, during 1996 and 1997. A variation in the number of chromosomes from 20 to 28 was found in metaphases of mitosis. Such variation suggests that Apuleia leiocarpa is a leguminous with polysomy capacity. The chromosomal number of the species is 2n = 2x = 26, distributed in the karyotypic formula 20m + 4 sm + 2 t

    Efeitos de diferentes tratamentos na germinação do pequi (Caryocar brasiliense Camb.) Effects of different treatments in the germination of pequi (Caryocar brasiliense Camb.)

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    Sementes de pequi (Caryocar brasiliense Camb.) provenientes de frutos coletados do chĂŁo e "de vez", foram submetidas aos seguintes tratamentos: choques tĂ©rmicos Ășmido (80ÂșC/15 min) e seco (80ÂșC/15 min e 50ÂșC/30, 60, 90 e 120 min), ĂĄcido giberĂ©lico 100mg/l e 6 benzil aminopurina 10-4M durante 24 horas, ĂĄcido sulfĂșrico conc./ 1 hora e lavagem em ĂĄgua corrente/48 horas. Sementes provenientes de frutos coletados do chĂŁo, com parte do mesocarpo removido, e "de vez", com mesocarpo Ă­ntegro, foram armazenadas a 5Âș C durante 30 dias, seguido ou nĂŁo pela adição de GA3 100 mg/l. Observou-se que a germinação do pequi começa consistentemente a partir do 9.Âș mĂȘs apĂłs o plantio nĂŁo havendo diferença significativa entre a porcentagem de germinação de sementes provenientes de frutos colhidos "de vez" (85%) e completamente maduros (67%). Tratamentos das sementes com temperatura de 80ÂșC durante 15 min. com ĂĄcido sulfĂșrico concentrado durante 1 hora e estratificação a 5ÂșC durante 30 dias prejudicaram o processo germinativo. Os demais tratamentos nĂŁo apresentaram diferenças em relação ao controle.<br>Seeds of pequi (Caryocar brasiliense Camb.) collected from fallen fruits on the soil surface under the tree and those from maturing fruits still on the tree were submitted to the following treatments: humid heating (80ÂșC/15 min), dry heating (80ÂșC/15 min and 50ÂșC during 30,60,90 and 120 min), gibberellic acid 100 mg/1 (24h) and 6-benzylamynopurine 10-4M (24h), concentrated sulphuric acid (1 h) and running tap water (48h). Seeds of fruits collected from the soil surface, with part of the mesocarp removed, and those maturing fruits from the tree, with intact mesocaip, were stored at 5ÂșC during 30 days, followed or not by addition of GA3 100mg/l. It was observed that seed germination started consistently 9 months after sowing and that there was no significant difference between germination of seed proceeding from maturing fruits (85%) and those collected from the soil surface (67%). Seeds treated with 80ÂșC/15 min., with conc. sulphuric acid 1 h and stratified at 5ÂșC during 30 days germinated at a smaller percentage than controls. Other treatments did not affect significantly seed germination when compared with the control

    Produção e qualidade de pastagens de Coastcross-1 e milheto utilizadas com vacas leiteiras Production and quality of Coastcross-1 and pearl millet pastures utilized with dairy cows

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    O uso de pastagens do gĂȘnero Cynodon, em propriedades leiteiras do Rio Grande do Sul, tem crescido, especialmente na Ășltima dĂ©cada. O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar a dinĂąmica, a produção de matĂ©ria seca, a qualidade e a composição botĂąnica de pastagens de Coastcross-1 (Cynodon dactylon x C. nlemfluensis) e milheto (Pennisetum americanum) cv. Comum, sob sistema de pastejo rotacionado, com vacas em lactação da raça HolandĂȘs. Avaliaram-se a massa de forragem no prĂ©-pastejo (MFPP), a taxa de acĂșmulo diĂĄrio de matĂ©ria seca (TAD), a produção total de forragem (PTF) e a composição botĂąnica das pastagens. Para o milheto e a Coastcross-1, foram avaliados os componentes estruturais: lĂąmina foliar (LF), colmo + bainha (CB), outras espĂ©cies (OE) e material morto (MM). Na entrada e saĂ­da dos animais da pastagem, foram colhidas amostras por simulação de pastejo para determinação dos teores de proteĂ­na bruta (PB) e fibra em detergente neutro (FDN). NĂŁo houve diferença significativa (P>0,05) para MFPP, TAD, PTF e PB. O milheto apresentou maior disponibilidade de lĂąminas foliares (P<0,05), menor teor de FDN (P<0,05) na entrada e saĂ­da dos animais da pastagem e maior participação de OE (P<0,05). O perĂ­odo total de pastejo foi maior na pastagem de Coastcross-1.<br>The use of pastures of the genus Cynodon has increased, for the last decade especially in dairy properties of Rio Grande do Sul. This research aims to compare the dynamic, dry matter production, quality and botanical composition of Coastcross-1 (Cynodon dactylon x C. nlemfluensis) and pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum) cv. Comum pastures. The pastures were utilized by lactating Holstein dairy cows under rotational stocking system. Pregraze dry matter availability (DMA), daily dry matter accumulation rate (DMR), total dry matter production (TDM) were evaluated. For the botanical composition, the structural components: leaf blade (LB), stem + sheat (SS), dead material (DMT) of pastures and other species (OS) were evaluated. Before and after grazing, samples were collected by hand-plucking in order to determine the crude protein concentration (CP) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF). No significant difference (P>.05) was observed to DMA, DMR, TDM and CP. Pearl millet presented greater availability of LB (P<.05), smaller NDF (P<.05) in pregraze and postgraze herbage mass and greater contribution of OS (P<.05). The total grazing period was greater in Coastcross-1 pasture
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