KINEMATICS ANALYSIS OF AN ANKLE INVERSION LIGAMENTOUS SPRAIN INJURY CASE IN BASKETBALL

Ankle inversion ligamentous sprain is one of the most common sports injuries. Model-Based Image Matching (MBIM) motion analysis technique allows us to understand the injury mechanism quantitatively by analyzing the three-dimensional human motion. In this study, the basketball player had performed an unwanted excessive ankle inversion by landing on the foot of the opponent. The ankle joint kinematics was presented within 0.1 second after footstrike. Result had further conformed that plantarflexion is not necessarily a criterion to sprain an ankle. Internal rotation associated with a sudden inversion would be the main phenomenon. An acceleration of inversion velocity is being suggested to be another important phenomenon of ankle inversion sprain injury. The quantified data in this study can serve as a base of development to investigate ankle joint motion

Continuous and discrete properties of stochastic processes

This thesis considers the interplay between the continuous and discrete properties of random stochastic processes. It is shown that the special cases of the one-sided Lévy-stable distributions can be connected to the class of discrete-stable distributions through a doubly-stochastic Poisson transform. This facilitates the creation of a one-sided stable process for which the N-fold statistics can be factorised explicitly. The evolution of the probability density functions is found through a Fokker-Planck style equation which is of the integro-differential type and contains non-local effects which are different for those postulated for a symmetric-stable process, or indeed the Gaussian process. Using the same Poisson transform interrelationship, an exact method for generating discrete-stable variates is found. It has already been shown that discrete-stable distributions occur in the crossing statistics of continuous processes whose autocorrelation exhibits fractal properties. The statistical properties of a nonlinear filter analogue of a phase-screen model are calculated, and the level crossings of the intensity analysed. It is found that rather than being Poisson, the distribution of the number of crossings over a long integration time is either binomial or negative binomial, depending solely on the Fano factor. The asymptotic properties of the inter-event density of the process are found to be accurately approximated by a function of the Fano factor and the mean of the crossings alone

De-intensification strategies in HPV-related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma—a narrative review

Human papillomavirus-related (HPV+) oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) is a relatively new clinical entity that is dramatically on the rise globally. HPV+ OPSCC is thought to be a separate clinical entity compared to HPV- OPSCC with a distinct tumor biology. Patients with HPV associated disease have been shown to have a substantially better prognosis and overall survival than those patients with the HPV negative (HPV-) counterpart. The standard of care for OPSCC is definitive radiation therapy (RT) and concurrent chemoradiation therapy (CRT), for lower and higher stage disease, respectively. However, traditional CRT is also associated with severe acute and late toxicities affecting patient quality of life, such as severe mucositis, dry mouth and dysphagia. Considering that HPV+ OPSCC is on the rise in a younger, healthier patient population and the good prognosis of HPV-related disease, there has been a focus on reducing treatment toxicities and optimizing quality of life while maintaining favorable oncologic outcomes. A variety of such de-escalation regimens are currently being explored in recently completed and ongoing clinical trials. Alterations to the standard chemotherapy, radiation and surgical regimens are being explored. This review will provide an overview of the rationale for and available results of the major de-intensification strategies in the treatment of locally advanced HPV+ OPSCC

Continuous and discrete properties of stochastic processes

This thesis considers the interplay between the continuous and discrete properties of random stochastic processes. It is shown that the special cases of the one-sided Lévy-stable distributions can be connected to the class of discrete-stable distributions through a doubly-stochastic Poisson transform. This facilitates the creation of a one-sided stable process for which the N-fold statistics can be factorised explicitly. The evolution of the probability density functions is found through a Fokker-Planck style equation which is of the integro-differential type and contains non-local effects which are different for those postulated for a symmetric-stable process, or indeed the Gaussian process. Using the same Poisson transform interrelationship, an exact method for generating discrete-stable variates is found. It has already been shown that discrete-stable distributions occur in the crossing statistics of continuous processes whose autocorrelation exhibits fractal properties. The statistical properties of a nonlinear filter analogue of a phase-screen model are calculated, and the level crossings of the intensity analysed. It is found that rather than being Poisson, the distribution of the number of crossings over a long integration time is either binomial or negative binomial, depending solely on the Fano factor. The asymptotic properties of the inter-event density of the process are found to be accurately approximated by a function of the Fano factor and the mean of the crossings alone

Review of ankle inversion sprain simulators in the biomechanics laboratory

Ankle inversion ligamentous sprain is one of the most common sports injuries. The most direct way is to investigate real injury incidents, but it is unethical and impossible to replicate on test participants. Simulators including tilt platforms, trapdoors, and fulcrum devices were designed to mimic ankle inversion movements in laboratories. Inversion angle was the only element considered in early designs; however, an ankle sprain is composed of inversion and plantarflexion in clinical observations. Inversion velocity is another parameter that increased the reality of simulation. This review summarised the simulators, and aimed to compare and contrast their features and settings

A COMPUTATIONAL BIOMECHANICS STUDY TO INVESTIGATE THE EFFECT OF MYOELECTRIC STIMULATION ON PERONEAL MUSCLES IN PREVENTING INVERSION-TYPE ANKLE LIGAMENTOUS SPRAIN INJURY

A three-dimensional multi-body lower limb model with 16 bones and 22 ligaments was developed to study ankle ligamentous inversion sprain. A male athlete who was diagnosed with a grade I anterior talofibular ligament (ATaFL) sprain during an accidental injury in laboratory in a published report. His ankle kinematics injury data profile was computed. The effect of delivering myoelectric stimulation on peroneal muscles was simulated as torques during ankle inversion. Largest strain in the ATaFL was 8.3%, 9.0% and 11.4%, respectively, at different inversion velocity thresholds of 300 deg/s, 400 deg/s and 500 deg/s. A ligament strain/sprain more than 10-15% would lead to a ligament tear suggesting that applied muscle moments could successfully prevent ankle inversion sprain when an injury identification threshold does not reach 400 deg/s

A COMPUTATIONAL BIOMECHANICS STUDY TO INVESTIGATE THE EFFECT OF MYOELECTRIC STIMULATION ON PERONEAL MUSCLES IN PREVENTING INVERSION-TYPE ANKLE LIGAMENTOUS SPRAIN INJURY

A three-dimensional multi-body lower limb model with 16 bones and 22 ligaments was developed to study ankle ligamentous inversion sprain. A male athlete who was diagnosed with a grade I anterior talofibular ligament (ATaFL) sprain during an accidental injury in laboratory in a published report. His ankle kinematics injury data profile was computed. The effect of delivering myoelectric stimulation on peroneal muscles was simulated as torques during ankle inversion. Largest strain in the ATaFL was 8.3%, 9.0% and 11.4%, respectively, at different inversion velocity thresholds of 300 deg/s, 400 deg/s and 500 deg/s. A ligament strain/sprain more than 10-15% would lead to a ligament tear suggesting that applied muscle moments could successfully prevent ankle inversion sprain when an injury identification threshold does not reach 400 deg/s