504 research outputs found
Near-equilibrium measurements of nonequilibrium free energy
A central endeavor of thermodynamics is the measurement of free energy
changes. Regrettably, although we can measure the free energy of a system in
thermodynamic equilibrium, typically all we can say about the free energy of a
non-equilibrium ensemble is that it is larger than that of the same system at
equilibrium. Herein, we derive a formally exact expression for the probability
distribution of a driven system, which involves path ensemble averages of the
work over trajectories of the time-reversed system. From this we find a simple
near-equilibrium approximation for the free energy in terms of an excess mean
time-reversed work, which can be experimentally measured on real systems. With
analysis and computer simulation, we demonstrate the accuracy of our
approximations for several simple models.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figure
Efficient control protocols for an active Ornstein-Uhlenbeck particle
Designing a protocol to efficiently drive a stochastic system is an active
field of research. Here we extend such control theory to an active
Ornstein-Uhlenbeck particle (AOUP) in a bistable potential, driven by a
harmonic trap. We find that protocols designed to minimize the excess work (up
to linear-response) perform better than naive protocols with constant velocity
for a wide range of protocol durations.Comment: 10 pages, 8 figure
The thermodynamics of prediction
A system responding to a stochastic driving signal can be interpreted as
computing, by means of its dynamics, an implicit model of the environmental
variables. The system's state retains information about past environmental
fluctuations, and a fraction of this information is predictive of future ones.
The remaining nonpredictive information reflects model complexity that does not
improve predictive power, and thus represents the ineffectiveness of the model.
We expose the fundamental equivalence between this model inefficiency and
thermodynamic inefficiency, measured by dissipation. Our results hold
arbitrarily far from thermodynamic equilibrium and are applicable to a wide
range of systems, including biomolecular machines. They highlight a profound
connection between the effective use of information and efficient thermodynamic
operation: any system constructed to keep memory about its environment and to
operate with maximal energetic efficiency has to be predictive.Comment: 5 pages, 1 figur
Neutrino pair synchrotron radiation from relativistic electrons in strong magnetic fields
The emissivity for the neutrino pair synchrotron radiation in strong magnetic
fields has been calculated both analytically and numerically for high densities
and moderate temperatures, as can be found in neutron stars. Under these
conditions, the electrons are relativistic and degenerate. We give here our
results in terms of an universal function of a single variable. For two
different regimes of the electron gas we present a simplified calculation and
compare our results to those of Kaminker et al. Agreement is found for the
classical region, where many Landau levels contribute to the emissivity , but
some differences arise in the quantum regime. One finds that the emissivity for
neutrino pair synchrotron radiation is competitive, and can be dominant, with
other neutrino processes for magnetic fields of the order .This indicates the relevance of this process for some astrophysical
scenarios, such as neutron stars and supernovae.Comment: 19 pages, AAS latex, 6 figures on a separate file. Accepted for
publication in Ap.
Thermodynamic metrics and optimal paths
A fundamental problem in modern thermodynamics is how a molecular-scale
machine performs useful work, while operating away from thermal equilibrium
without excessive dissipation. To this end, we derive a friction tensor that
induces a Riemannian manifold on the space of thermodynamic states. Within the
linear-response regime, this metric structure controls the dissipation of
finite-time transformations, and bestows optimal protocols with many useful
properties. We discuss the connection to the existing thermodynamic length
formalism, and demonstrate the utility of this metric by solving for optimal
control parameter protocols in a simple nonequilibrium model.Comment: 5 page
Marshall Space Flight Center Research and Technology Report 2015
The investments in technology development we made in 2015 not only support the Agency's current missions, but they will also enable new missions. Some of these projects will allow us to develop an in-space architecture for human space exploration; Marshall employees are developing and testing cutting-edge propulsion solutions that will propel humans in-space and land them on Mars. Others are working on technologies that could support a deep space habitat, which will be critical to enable humans to live and work in deep space and on other worlds. Still others are maturing technologies that will help new scientific instruments study the outer edge of the universe-instruments that will provide valuable information as we seek to explore the outer planets and search for life
Interatomic exchange coupling of BCC iron
We performed first-principle calculations on the exchange interaction (EI)
between atoms in BCC-Fe strained volumetrically. Our results show that the
volume-dependence of the EI deviates considerably from the Bethe-Slater curve.
This behavior is discussed in terms of the on-site and/or inter-site direct
exchange interactions between electrons.Comment: 22 pages, 7 figure
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