31,008 research outputs found
Number of adaptive steps to a local fitness peak
We consider a population of genotype sequences evolving on a rugged fitness
landscape with many local fitness peaks. The population walks uphill until it
encounters a local fitness maximum. We find that the statistical properties of
the walk length depend on whether the underlying fitness distribution has a
finite mean. If the mean is finite, all the walk length cumulants grow with the
sequence length but approach a constant otherwise. Experimental implications of
our analytical results are also discussed
Evolutionary dynamics on strongly correlated fitness landscapes
We study the evolutionary dynamics of a maladapted population of
self-replicating sequences on strongly correlated fitness landscapes. Each
sequence is assumed to be composed of blocks of equal length and its fitness is
given by a linear combination of four independent block fitnesses. A mutation
affects the fitness contribution of a single block leaving the other blocks
unchanged and hence inducing correlations between the parent and mutant
fitness. On such strongly correlated fitness landscapes, we calculate the
dynamical properties like the number of jumps in the most populated sequence
and the temporal distribution of the last jump which is shown to exhibit a
inverse square dependence as in evolution on uncorrelated fitness landscapes.
We also obtain exact results for the distribution of records and extremes for
correlated random variables
Composite fermion wave functions as conformal field theory correlators
It is known that a subset of fractional quantum Hall wave functions has been
expressed as conformal field theory (CFT) correlators, notably the Laughlin
wave function at filling factor ( odd) and its quasiholes, and the
Pfaffian wave function at and its quasiholes. We develop a general
scheme for constructing composite-fermion (CF) wave functions from conformal
field theory. Quasiparticles at are created by inserting anyonic
vertex operators, , that replace a subset of the electron
operators in the correlator. The one-quasiparticle wave function is identical
to the corresponding CF wave function, and the two-quasiparticle wave function
has correct fractional charge and statistics and is numerically almost
identical to the corresponding CF wave function. We further show how to exactly
represent the CF wavefunctions in the Jain series as the CFT
correlators of a new type of fermionic vertex operators, ,
constructed from free compactified bosons; these operators provide the CFT
representation of composite fermions carrying flux quanta in the CF Landau level. We also construct the corresponding quasiparticle- and
quasihole operators and argue that they have the expected fractional charge and
statistics. For filling fractions 2/5 and 3/7 we show that the chiral CFTs that
describe the bulk wave functions are identical to those given by Wen's general
classification of quantum Hall states in terms of -matrices and - and
-vectors, and we propose that to be generally true. Our results suggest a
general procedure for constructing quasiparticle wave functions for other
fractional Hall states, as well as for constructing ground states at filling
fractions not contained in the principal Jain series.Comment: 26 pages, 3 figure
Evolutionary dynamics of the most populated genotype on rugged fitness landscapes
We consider an asexual population evolving on rugged fitness landscapes which
are defined on the multi-dimensional genotypic space and have many local
optima. We track the most populated genotype as it changes when the population
jumps from a fitness peak to a better one during the process of adaptation.
This is done using the dynamics of the shell model which is a simplified
version of the quasispecies model for infinite populations and standard
Wright-Fisher dynamics for large finite populations. We show that the
population fraction of a genotype obtained within the quasispecies model and
the shell model match for fit genotypes and at short times, but the dynamics of
the two models are identical for questions related to the most populated
genotype. We calculate exactly several properties of the jumps in infinite
populations some of which were obtained numerically in previous works. We also
present our preliminary simulation results for finite populations. In
particular, we measure the jump distribution in time and find that it decays as
as in the quasispecies problem.Comment: Minor changes. To appear in Phys Rev
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Biomarkers of Inflammation and Fibrosis in Kawasaki Disease Patients Years After Initial Presentation With Low Ejection Fraction.
Background Coronary artery aneurysms and myocarditis are well-recognized complications of Kawasaki disease (KD) but no systematic evaluation of the consequences of myocarditis has been performed in the subset presenting with low ejection fraction (EF). We postulated that more severe myocardial inflammation as evidenced by low EF during the acute phase could lead to late myocardial fibrosis. Methods and Results We measured the carboxyterminal propeptide of procollagen type I (PIPC), soluble suppressor of tumorigenicity 2, galectin-3 (Gal-3), growth-differentiation factor-15, and calprotectin by ELISA in late convalescent blood samples from 16 KD patients who had an EF ≤55% on their initial echocardiogram. Results were compared with samples from sex- and age-matched KD patients with initial EF >60%. In the univariate analysis, the median Gal-3 and PIPC levels in the low EF group were significantly higher than those in the normal EF group (Gal-3: low EF 6.216 versus normal EF 4.976 mg/dL P=0.038, PIPC: low EF 427.4 versus normal EF 265.2 mg/dL, P=0.01). In a multivariable analysis, there were significant differences for Gal-3 and PIPC levels between the low and normal EF groups, adjusting for age, sex, and worst z score. Conclusions Convalescent KD patients with a history of low EF during the acute illness had significantly elevated levels of Gal-3 and PIPC when compared with matched-control KD patients with normal EF. These findings raise concern for myocardial fibrosis as a potential late sequela of the more severe myocarditis experienced by a subset of KD patients during the acute phase
Even denominator fractional quantum Hall states in higher Landau levels of graphene
An important development in the field of the fractional quantum Hall effect
has been the proposal that the 5/2 state observed in the Landau level with
orbital index of two dimensional electrons in a GaAs quantum well
originates from a chiral -wave paired state of composite fermions which are
topological bound states of electrons and quantized vortices. This state is
theoretically described by a "Pfaffian" wave function or its hole partner
called the anti-Pfaffian, whose excitations are neither fermions nor bosons but
Majorana quasiparticles obeying non-Abelian braid statistics. This has inspired
ideas on fault-tolerant topological quantum computation and has also instigated
a search for other states with exotic quasiparticles. Here we report
experiments on monolayer graphene that show clear evidence for unexpected
even-denominator fractional quantum Hall physics in the Landau level. We
numerically investigate the known candidate states for the even-denominator
fractional quantum Hall effect, including the Pfaffian, the particle-hole
symmetric Pfaffian, and the 221-parton states, and conclude that, among these,
the 221-parton appears a potentially suitable candidate to describe the
experimentally observed state. Like the Pfaffian, this state is believed to
harbour quasi-particles with non-Abelian braid statistic
Electrical Conductance in Molten Salts: Part VI - potassium Nitrate-Strontium Nitrate Mixtures
645-64
Correlation between dielectric constant and chemical structure of sodium silicate glasses
Journal URL: http://jap.aip.org/jap/staff.js
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