The evolutionary history of new zealand deschampsia is marked by long-distance dispersal, endemism, and hybridization

The contrasting evolutionary histories of endemic versus related cosmopolitan species provide avenues to understand the spatial drivers and limitations of biodiversity. Here, we investigated the evolutionary history of three New Zealand endemic Deschampsia species, and how they are related to cosmopolitan D. cespitosa. We used RADseq to test species delimitations, infer a dated species tree, and investigate gene flow patterns between the New Zealand endemics and the D. cespitosa populations of New Zealand, Australia and Korea. Whole plastid DNA analysis was performed on a larger worldwide sampling. Morphometrics of selected characters were applied to New Zealand sampling. Our RADseq review of over 55 Mbp showed the endemics as genetically well-defined from each other. Their last common ancestor with D. cespitosa lived during the last ten MY. The New Zealand D. cespitosa appears in a clade with Australian and Korean samples. Whole plastid DNA analysis revealed the endemics as members of a southern hemisphere clade, excluding the extant D. cespitosa of New Zealand. Both data provided strong evidence for hybridization between D. cespitosa and D. chapmanii. Our findings provide evidence for at least two migration events of the genus Deschampsia to New Zealand and hybridization between D. cespitosa and endemic taxa.Fil: Xue, Yali. Universidad de Viena; AustriaFil: Greimler, Josef. Universidad de Viena; AustriaFil: Paun, Ovidiu. Universidad de Viena; AustriaFil: Ford, Kerry A.. Allan Herbarium; Nueva ZelandaFil: Barfuss, Michael H. J.. Universidad de Viena; AustriaFil: Chiapella, Jorge Oscar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentin

The evolutionary history of new zealand deschampsia is marked by long-distance dispersal, endemism, and hybridization

The contrasting evolutionary histories of endemic versus related cosmopolitan species provide avenues to understand the spatial drivers and limitations of biodiversity. Here, we investigated the evolutionary history of three New Zealand endemic Deschampsia species, and how they are related to cosmopolitan D. cespitosa. We used RADseq to test species delimitations, infer a dated species tree, and investigate gene flow patterns between the New Zealand endemics and the D. cespitosa populations of New Zealand, Australia and Korea. Whole plastid DNA analysis was performed on a larger worldwide sampling. Morphometrics of selected characters were applied to New Zealand sampling. Our RADseq review of over 55 Mbp showed the endemics as genetically well-defined from each other. Their last common ancestor with D. cespitosa lived during the last ten MY. The New Zealand D. cespitosa appears in a clade with Australian and Korean samples. Whole plastid DNA analysis revealed the endemics as members of a southern hemisphere clade, excluding the extant D. cespitosa of New Zealand. Both data provided strong evidence for hybridization between D. cespitosa and D. chapmanii. Our findings provide evidence for at least two migration events of the genus Deschampsia to New Zealand and hybridization between D. cespitosa and endemic taxa.Fil: Xue, Yali. Universidad de Viena; AustriaFil: Greimler, Josef. Universidad de Viena; AustriaFil: Paun, Ovidiu. Universidad de Viena; AustriaFil: Ford, Kerry A.. Allan Herbarium; Nueva ZelandaFil: Barfuss, Michael H. J.. Universidad de Viena; AustriaFil: Chiapella, Jorge Oscar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentin

Enhanced Spontaneous Antibacterial Activity of delta-MnO2 by Alkali Metals Doping

Recently, the widespread use of antibiotics is becoming a serious worldwide public health challenge, which causes antimicrobial resistance and the occurrence of superbugs. In this context, MnO2 has been proposed as an alternative approach to achieve target antibacterial properties on Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans). This requires a further understanding on how to control and optimize antibacterial properties in these systems. We address this challenge by synthesizing delta-MnO2 nanoflowers doped by magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), and potassium (K) ions, thus displaying different bandgaps, to evaluate the effect of doping on the bacterial viability of S. mutans. All these samples demonstrated antibacterial activity from the spontaneous generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) without external illumination, where doped MnO2 can provide free electrons to induce the production of ROS, resulting in the antibacterial activity. Furthermore, it was observed that delta-MnO2 with narrower bandgap displayed a superior ability to inhibit bacteria. The enhancement is mainly attributed to the higher doping levels, which provided more free electrons to generate ROS for antibacterial effects. Moreover, we found that delta-MnO2 was attractive for in vivo applications, because it could nearly be degraded into Mn ions completely following the gradual addition of vitamin C. We believe that our results may provide meaningful insights for the design of inorganic antibacterial nanomaterials.Peer reviewe

Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography of Optic Disc Perfusion in Glaucoma

Purpose To compare optic disc perfusion between normal subjects and subjects with glaucoma using optical coherence tomography (OCT) angiography and to detect optic disc perfusion changes in glaucoma. Design Observational, cross-sectional study. Participants Twenty-four normal subjects and 11 patients with glaucoma were included. Methods One eye of each subject was scanned by a high-speed 1050-nm–wavelength swept-source OCT instrument. The split-spectrum amplitude-decorrelation angiography (SSADA) algorithm was used to compute 3-dimensional optic disc angiography. A disc flow index was computed from 4 registered scans. Confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (cSLO) was used to measure disc rim area, and stereo photography was used to evaluate cup/disc (C/D) ratios. Wide-field OCT scans over the discs were used to measure retinal nerve fiber layer (NFL) thickness. Main Outcome Measures Variability was assessed by coefficient of variation (CV). Diagnostic accuracy was assessed by sensitivity and specificity. Comparisons between glaucoma and normal groups were analyzed by Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Correlations among disc flow index, structural assessments, and visual field (VF) parameters were assessed by linear regression. Results In normal discs, a dense microvascular network was visible on OCT angiography. This network was visibly attenuated in subjects with glaucoma. The intra-visit repeatability, inter-visit reproducibility, and normal population variability of the optic disc flow index were 1.2%, 4.2%, and 5.0% CV, respectively. The disc flow index was reduced by 25% in the glaucoma group (P = 0.003). Sensitivity and specificity were both 100% using an optimized cutoff. The flow index was highly correlated with VF pattern standard deviation (R[superscript 2] = 0.752, P = 0.001). These correlations were significant even after accounting for age, C/D area ratio, NFL, and rim area. Conclusions Optical coherence tomography angiography, generated by the new SSADA, repeatably measures optic disc perfusion and may be useful in the evaluation of glaucoma and glaucoma progression.National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Grant 1R01 EY023285-01)Rosenbaum's P30EY010572National Institutes of Health (U.S.). Clinical and Translational Science Awards (CTSA) Program (Grant UL1TR000128)Research to Prevent Blindness, Inc. (United States) (Grant R01-EY11289-26)United States. Air Force Office of Scientific Research (FA9550-10-1-0551)German Research Foundation (DFG-HO-1791/11-1)German Research Foundation (DFG-GSC80-SAOT)German Research Foundation (Training Group 1773

Orally Bioavailable Androgen Receptor Degrader, Potential Next-Generation Therapeutic for Enzalutamide-Resistant Prostate Cancer

Acknowledgement. BGS acknowledges work performed at the Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, a DOE Office of Science User Facility. VB acknowledges Laboratory Directed Research and Development program of Oak Ridge National Laboratory, managed by UTBattelle, LLC, for the U.S. Department of Energy.Peer reviewedPostprin

Aberrant Expression of ID2 protein and its correlation with EBV-LMP1 and P16(INK4A) in Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma in China

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The relationships between the expression of ID2, EBV-LMP1 and P16(INK4A) in Chinese classical Hodgkin lymphoma are unknown and need exploring.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Samples of classical Hodgkin lymphoma from 60 Chinese patients were analyzed for the expression of ID2, EBV-LMP1 and p16(INK4A) proteins by immunohistochemistry.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>ID2 protein was expressed in 83.3% of this group of classical Hodgkin lymphoma, staining strongly in both cytoplasm and nucleus of the Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells. EBV-LMP1 and P16(INK4A) were overexpressed in 85.0% and 71.7% of Hodgkin lymphoma, respectively. EBV-LMP1 was noted in the cytoplasm, membrane and nucleus of HRS cells; P16(INK4A) was in the nucleus and cytoplasm. Microscopically, ID2, EBV-LMP1 and P16(INK4A) staining distinguished the HRS cells from the complex background of lymphocytes. ID2 was positively correlated with EBV-LMP1(<it>P </it>< 0.01), but P16(INK4A) was inversely related to EBV-LMP1 (<it>P </it>< 0.05).</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>It is suggested that ID2, EBV-LMP1 and P16(INK4A) could play an important role in the evolution of classical Hodgkin lymphoma, and be considered as potential adjunct markers to identify HRS cells in diagnosis.</p

Melhoramento genético de citros por meio de mutações espontâneas de gemas.

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Selective nanomolar detection of dopamine using a boron-doped diamond electrode modified with an electropolymerized sulfobutylether-\u3b2- cyclodextrin-doped poly(N-acetyltyramine) and polypyrrole composite film

N-Acetyltyramine was synthesized and electropolymerized together with a negatively charged sulfobutylether-\u3b2-cyclodextrin on a boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrode followed by the electropolymerization of pyrrole to form a stable and permselective film for selective dopamine detection. The selectivity and sensitivity of the formed layer-by-layer film was governed by the sequence of deposition and the applied potential. Raman results showed a decrease in the peak intensity at 1329 cm-1 (sp\ub3), the main feature of BDD, upon each electrodeposition step. Such a decrease was correlated well with the change of the charge-transfer resistance derived from impedance data, i.e., reflecting the formation of the layer-by-layer film. The polycrystalline BDD surface became more even with lower surface roughness as revealed by scanning electron and atomic force microscopy. The modified BDD electrode exhibited rapid response to dopamine within 1.5-2 s and a low detection limit of 4-5 nM with excellent reproducibility. Electroactive interferences caused by 4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, ascorbic acid, and uric acid were completely eliminated, whereas the signal response of epinephrine and norepinephrine was significantly suppressed by the permselective film.NRC publication: Ye