105 research outputs found
Gender and race distribution of dental graduates (1985 - 2004) and first year dental students (2000 - 2005) in South Africa
This paper, written at the close of a decade
of democracy in South Africa, sets
out to analyse the demographic profile
of dental graduates from 1985-2004 at
the five Faculties/Schools of Dentistry in
South Africa. A comparison of the profiles
for the pre-democracy (1985-1994) and
post-apartheid (1995-2004) periods has
been made. The demographic profile of
first year dental students from 2000-2005
is also presented. From 1985-1994, most
dental graduates were male (79%), but
this changed substantially from 1995-2004,
with females comprising 46% of those
graduating. In the pre-democracy period,
more than three-quarters of all graduates
were White (78%), decreasing to 46% in
the post-apartheid period under review.
Black graduates increased from 6% to 24%
across the two study periods. Amongst the
first year dental student intake from 2000-
2005, females comprised 57%. There was
an almost equal distribution across the
White, Black and Asian groups.
Dental faculties/schools have made important
strides in transforming the demographic
profile of their students. The percentage
of Black graduates, however, needs to be
significantly increased if it is to reflect the
national population. Faculties/schools must
further ensure that able students from working
class background are identified and
considered for acceptance into the undergraduate
dental programme, and should
then be offered the necessary academic
and mentoring support to enable success
Spectrophotometric assessment of the effectiveness of Opalescence PF 10%: a 14-month clinical study
Objectives:
To evaluate the effectiveness of Opalescence PF 10% just after treatment, at 6-month follow-up and at a 14-month follow-up period.
Methods:
Opalescence PF 10% was applied nightly for 14 days. The color of teeth 11 and 21 of 17 subjects were measured with a spectrophotometer (L*; a*; b*) before treatment, just after treatment (14 days), after 6 months and after 14 months. Subjects were instructed to take note of any tooth sensitivity.
Results:
For all three components (L*, a* and b*) statistical significant differences (p < 0.05) in the values between base-line, after treatment (14 days later), after 6 months and after 14 months were found (Wilcoxon Signed Rank Sum Test). The decrease in L* was about 20% after 6 months and about 50% after 14 months. The a* value decreased approximately 14% after 6 months but was worse after 14 months than at the beginning. The b* value decreased the least with about 9% after 6 months and about 8% after 14 months. The decrease in View the MathML source was ∼20% after 14 months. Less than 20% of the subjects experienced mild tooth sensitivity just after treatment.
Conclusion:
Significantly whiter teeth were found after treatment as well as after a 6-month follow-up period. The whiteness/brightness (L*) decreased with ∼50% after 14 months and the a* value with ∼50% after 7 months, while the yellowness (b* value) remained even after 14 months.
Clinical implications:
The product is an effective tooth whitener resulting in only low tooth sensitivity. Re-bleaching could be done at about 14 months.Web of Scienc
In vivo Spectrophotometric Assessment of the Tooth Whitening Effectiveness of Nite White 10% with Amorphous Calcium Phosphate, Potassium Nitrate and Fluoride, Over a 6-month Period
To clinically evaluate the effectiveness of Nite White 10% carbamide peroxide with amorphous calcium phosphate, potassium nitrate and fluoride over a 6-month follow-up period. Nite White was applied nightly for 14 days, according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The color of teeth 11 and 21 of twenty one subjects was measured with a spectrophotometer (L*; a*; b*). Subjects were instructed to take note of any tooth sensitivity and gingival irritation. For all three components (L*, a* and b*) statistical significant differences (p<0.05) in the values between base-line (pre-bleaching) and; after treatment, after 1-month, after 3-months as well as after 6-months were found (Wilcoxon Signed Rank Sum Test). Significant differences were also found amongst the ΔE*ab (0-14days) values and; ΔE*ab (0-1 month), ΔE*ab (0-3 months) and ΔE*ab (0-6 months). However, no significant differences were found between pairs of ΔE*ab (0-1 month), ΔE*ab (0-3 months) and ΔE*ab (0-6months). The decrease in ΔE*ab was the highest after 1 month (~30%). The highest decrease in L* was about 58% after 1 month. Over the 14-day treatment period tooth sensitivity was 24.5%. Conclusions: Nite White ACP demonstrated significant tooth-whitening (unit increase = 5.29) with a low tooth sensitivity (25%) probably due to the presence of amorphous calcium phosphate, potassium nitrate, and fluoride. The whitening effect decreased the most after one month and then maintained well even after a 6 month period (units 3.89)
A Clinical Study of the Effectiveness of Two Different 10% Carbamide Peroxide Bleaching Products: A 6-Month Followup
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of two different 10% carbamide peroxide bleaching products just after treatment and after a 6-month follow-up period. Methods. Two 10% carbamide peroxide products (Opalescence PF and Nite White ACP) were applied nightly for 14 days, according to the manufacturers' instructions. The color of teeth 11 and 21 of thirty-four subjects having A2 or darker teeth were measured with a spectrophotometer (L∗; a∗; b∗) before treatment, just after treatment (14 days) and after 6 months. Results and Conclusions. Both products produced significant whitening of teeth with total color change (ΔEab∗) of approximately 5.20 units. There was a significant improvement in all 3 color coordinates (L*, a*, and b∗) for up to 6 months postbleaching (P < .05). Nite White showed a higher degree of relapse (27%) than Opalescence (18%) over the 6-month period. It is suggested that rebleaching after 6 months is not necessary
Effect of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) on maternal, perinatal and neonatal outcome: systematic review.
Objective To evaluate the effect of coronavirus disease
2019 (COVID-19) on maternal, perinatal and neonatal
outcome by performing a systematic review of available
published literature on pregnancies affected by
COVID-19.
Methods We performed a systematic review to evaluate
the effect of COVID-19 on pregnancy, perinatal
and neonatal outcome. We conducted a comprehensive
literature search using PubMed, EMBASE, the
Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure
Database and Wan Fang Data up to and
including 20 April 2020 (studies were identified through
PubMed alert after that date). For the search strategy,
combinations of the following keywords and medical
subject heading (MeSH) terms were used: ‘SARS-CoV-2’,
‘COVID-19’, ‘coronavirus disease 2019’, ‘pregnancy’,
‘gestation’, ‘maternal’, ‘mother’, ‘vertical transmission’,
‘maternal–fetal transmission’, ‘intrauterine transmission’,
‘neonate’, ‘infant’ and ‘delivery’. Eligibility criteria
included laboratory-confirmed and/or clinically diagnosed
COVID-19, patient being pregnant on admission and
availability of clinical characteristics, including at least
one maternal, perinatal or neonatal outcome. Exclusion
criteria were non-peer-reviewed or unpublished reports,
unspecified date and location of the study, suspicion of duplicate reporting and unreported maternal or perinatal
outcomes. No language restrictions were applied.
Results We identified a high number of relevant case
reports and case series, but only 24 studies, including
a total of 324 pregnant women with COVID-19,
met the eligibility criteria and were included in the
systematic review. These comprised nine case series
(eight consecutive) and 15 case reports. A total of 20
pregnant patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19
were included in the case reports. In the combined data
from the eight consecutive case series, including 211
(71.5%) cases of laboratory-confirmed and 84 (28.5%)
of clinically diagnosed COVID-19, the maternal age
ranged from 20 to 44 years and the gestational age
on admission ranged from 5 to 41weeks. The most
common symptoms at presentation were fever, cough,
dyspnea/shortness of breath, fatigue and myalgia. The
rate of severe pneumonia reported amongst the case series
ranged from 0% to 14%, with the majority of the cases
requiring admission to the intensive care unit. Almost
all cases from the case series had positive computed
tomography chest findings. All six and 22 cases that
had nucleic-acid testing in vaginal mucus and breast
milk samples, respectively, were negative for severe acute
respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Only
four cases of spontaneous miscarriage or termination were
reported. In the consecutive case series, 219/295 women
had delivered at the time of reporting and 78% of them
had Cesarean section. The gestational age at delivery
ranged from 28 to 41 weeks. Apgar scores at both 1 and
5 min ranged from 7 to 10. Only eight neonates had
birth weight <2500 g and nearly one-third of neonates
were transferred to the neonatal intensive care unit. There
was one case of neonatal asphyxia and death. In 155
neonates that had nucleic-acid testing in throat swab, all,
except three cases, were negative for SARS-CoV-2. There
were no cases of maternal death in the eight consecutive
case series. Seven maternal deaths, four intrauterine fetal
deaths (one with twin pregnancy) and two neonatal deaths
(twin pregnancy) were reported in a non-consecutive case
series of nine cases with severe COVID-19. In the case
reports, two maternal deaths, one neonatal death and two
cases of neonatal SARS-CoV-2 infection were reported.
Conclusions Despite the increasing number of published
studies on COVID-19 in pregnancy, there are insufficient
good-quality data to draw unbiased conclusions with
regard to the severity of the disease or specific
complications of COVID-19 in pregnant women, as
well as vertical transmission, perinatal and neonatal
complications. In order to answer specific questions in
relation to the impact of COVID-19 on pregnant women
and their fetuses, through meaningful good-quality
research, we urge researchers and investigators to
present complete outcome data and reference previously
published cases in their publications, and to record such
reporting when the data of a case are entered into one
or several registries.post-print1026 K
A Clinical Study of the Effectiveness of Two Different 10% Carbamide Peroxide Bleaching Products: A 6-Month Followup
Quality assurance, benchmarking, assessment and mutual international recognition of qualifications
publishersversionPeer reviewe
A formative study exploring perceptions of physical activity and physical activity monitoring among children and young people with cystic fibrosis and health care professionals
Background: Physical activity (PA) is associated with reduced hospitalisations and maintenance of lung function in patients with Cystic Fibrosis (CF). PA is therefore recommended as part of standard care. Despite this, there is no consensus for monitoring of PA and little is known about perceptions of PA monitoring among children and young people with CF. Therefore, the research aimed to explore patients’ perceptions of PA and the acceptability of using PA monitoring devices with children and young people with CF.
Methods: An action research approach was utilised, whereby findings from earlier research phases informed subsequent phases. Four phases were utilised, including patient interviews, PA monitoring, follow-up patient interviews and health care professional (HCP) interviews. Subsequently, an expert panel discussed the study to develop recommendations for practice and future research.
Results: Findings suggest that experiences of PA in children and young people with CF are largely comparable to their non-CF peers, with individuals engaging in a variety of activities. CF was not perceived as a barrier per se, although participants acknowledged that they could be limited by their symptoms. Maintenance of health emerged as a key facilitator, in some cases PA offered patients the opportunity to ‘normalise’ their condition.
Participants reported enjoying wearing the monitoring devices and had good compliance. Wrist-worn devices and devices providing feedback were preferred. HCPs recognised the potential benefits of the devices in clinical practice.
Recommendations based on these findings are that interventions to promote PA in children and young people with CF should be individualised and involve families to promote PA as part of an active lifestyle. Patients should receive support alongside the PA data obtained from monitoring devices.
Conclusions: PA monitoring devices appear to be an acceptable method for objective assessment of PA among children and young people with CF and their clinicians. Wrist-worn devices, which are unobtrusive and can display feedback, were perceived as most acceptable. By understanding the factors impacting PA, CF health professionals will be better placed to support patients and improve health outcomes
Effective peer-to-peer support for young people with end-stage renal disease: a mixed methods evaluation of Camp COOL
__Abstract__
__Background__ The Camp COOL programme aims to help young Dutch people with end-stage renal disease
(ESRD) develop self-management skills. Fellow patients already treated in adult care
(hereafter referred to as ‘buddies’) organise the day-to-day program, run the camp, counsel
the attendees, and also participate in the activities. The attendees are young people who still
have to transfer to adult care. This study aimed to explore the effects of this specific form of
peer-to-peer support on the self-management of young people (16–25 years) with ESRD who
participated in Camp COOL (CC) (hereafter referred to as ‘participants’).
__Methods__ A mixed methods research design was employed. Semi-structured interviews (n = 19) with
initiators/staff, participants, and healthcare professionals were conducted. These were
combined with retrospective and pre-post surveys among participants (n = 62), and
observations during two camp weeks.
__Results__ Self-reported effects of participants were: increased self-confidence, more disease-related
knowledge, feeling capable of being more responsible and open towards others, and daring to
stand up for yourself. According to participants, being a buddy or having one positively
affected them. Self-efficacy of attendees and independence of buddies increased, while
attendees’ sense of social inclusion decreased (measured as domains of health-related quality
of life). The buddy role was a pro-active combination of being supervisor, advisor, and
leader.
__Conclusions__ Camp COOL allowed young people to support each other in adjusting to everyday life with
ESRD. Participating in the camp positively influenced self-management in this group. Peerto-
peer support through buddies was much appreciated. Support from young adults was not
only beneficial for adolescent attendees, but also for young adult buddies. Paediatric
nephrologists are encouraged to refer patients to CC and to facilitate such initiatives.
Together with nephrologists in adult care, they could take on a role in selecting buddies
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