9 research outputs found
Contrail study with ground-based cameras
Photogrammetric methods and analysis results for contrails observed with wide-angle cameras are described. Four cameras of two different types (view angle < 90° or whole-sky imager) at the ground at various positions are used to track contrails and to derive their altitude, width, and horizontal speed. Camera models for both types are described to derive the observation angles for given image coordinates and their inverse. The models are calibrated with sightings of the Sun, the Moon and a few bright stars. The methods are applied and tested in a case study. Four persistent contrails crossing each other together with a short-lived one are observed with the cameras. Vertical and horizontal positions of the contrails are determined from the camera images to an accuracy of better than 200 m and horizontal speed to 0.2 m sâ1. With this information, the aircraft causing the contrails are identified by comparison to traffic waypoint data. The observations are compared with synthetic camera pictures of contrails simulated with the contrail prediction model CoCiP, a Lagrangian model using air traffic movement data and numerical weather prediction (NWP) data as input. The results provide tests for the NWP and contrail models. The cameras show spreading and thickening contrails suggesting ice-supersaturation in the ambient air. The ice-supersaturated layer is found thicker and more humid in this case than predicted by the NWP model used. The simulated and observed contrail positions agree up to differences caused by uncertain wind data. The contrail widths, which depend on wake vortex spreading, ambient shear and turbulence, were partly wider than simulated
Dose Rate and Fractionation of Total Body Irradiation in Dogs Short and Long Term Effects.
Variations of regimens of total body irradiation (TBI) were investigated in the dog as a preclinical model for bone marrow transplantation. Inactivation of hemopoietic precursor cells (CFU-GM) was studied following irradiation of marrow in vitro, following TBI at sublethal doses in vivo and following autologous transplantation of marrow obtained after sublethal TBI. Inactivation and recovery of CFU-GM as well as restoration of hemopoiesis following autologous transplantation was independent of the dose rate, but nadirs of blood counts were lower following sublethal TBI with the higher dose rate. Acute non-hemopoietic toxicity of TBI depended on the dose, the dose rate and the total treatment time and not on the fractionation regimen. At a total dose of 25 Gy acute mortality was prevented by prophylactic administration of oral, non-absorbable antibiotics. Late mortality was due to degenerative and autoimmune-like disorders with or without infections and to malignant tumors. Evaluation of long-term survival is still preliminary, since surviving dogs of two groups (10 Gy as single dose, 25 Gy as hyperfractionated TBI) have not yet reached the median survival time of their group. So far, long-term survival depended on the total dose (p = 0.05) and, possibly, the fractionation regimen (p = 0.12). The latency period until development of malignant tumors was influenced by the total doses given in the same treatment time (p = 0.05) and by the total treatment time for equal doses (p = 0.04). It was concluded that TBI at a low dose rate may give the best therapeutic ratio of inactivation of hemopoietic precursor cells to acute toxicity. A possible benefit of hyperfractionation on long-term survival due to less toxicity has to be weighed against less effective inactivation of clonogenic hemopoietic precursors and less effective immunosuppression seen in allogeneic transplantation
Exekutive Funktionen â Alles nimmt ein gutes Ende fĂŒr den, der warten kann
Exekutive Funktionen sind im wesentlichen Kontrollprozesse, die neuroanatomisch von der IntegritĂ€t und FunktionstĂŒchtigkeit des prĂ€frontalen Kortex abhĂ€ngig sind. Sie können in einer Trias gefasst werden: inhibitorische Kontrolle, ArbeitsgedĂ€chtnis, FlexibilitĂ€t. Die Entwicklung der exekutiven Funktionen fĂ€ngt frĂŒh an und beschleunigt sich im Kindergartenalter deutlich, sodass in diesem Alter eine erfolgreiche Förderung dieser Funktionen erfolgen kann. Exekutive Funktionen sagen die spĂ€tere LeistungsfĂ€higkeit oder den Gesundheitszustand eines Individuums besser voraus als der Intelligenzquotient. Ferner gehen Fachpersonen davon aus, dass exekutive Funktionen trainiert und damit verbessert werden können. Entsprechend sind in den letzten Jahren eine groĂe Anzahl pĂ€dagogischer FördermaĂnahmen entwickelt worden. Störungen exekutiver Funktionen treten unter anderem nach erworbenen HirnschĂ€digungen (SchĂ€del-Hirn-Trauma, entzĂŒndliche und neoplastische Prozesse), aber auch bei infantiler Zerebralparese und FrĂŒhgeborenen auf. PĂ€dagogische Förderprogramme existieren in curricularer Form (Tools of the Mind, Montessori) oder als curriculare ErgĂ€nzung eines bestehenden Lehrplanes (PATHS, EMIL, Denk-Wege). Dabei steht die Selbstregulation der Lernenden im Vordergrund. ArbeitsgedĂ€chtnisprozesse können erfolgreich mit Computertrainings gefördert und therapiert werden. Bewegung (Psychomotorik, AchtsamkeitsĂŒbungen) und Sport (klassische Kampfsportarten, Mannschaftssportarten) haben eine positive Wirkung auf die Ausbildung exekutiver Funktionen. Schon SĂ€uglinge können in ihren exekutiven Funktionen gefördert werden. Intuitiv haben Eltern, GroĂeltern und andere wichtige Bezugspersonen mit ihnen SchoĂspiele gespielt und dabei zum Beispiel das ArbeitsgedĂ€chtnis beĂŒbt. Das Kindergarten- und Schulkind liebt es, in verschiedene Rollen zu schlĂŒpfen. SpĂ€ter sind Gesellschaftsspiele eine wichtige Quelle zur Festigung exekutiver Funktionen. Ăltere Kinder brauchen je nachdem UnterstĂŒtzung bei den Hausaufgaben oder beim organisatorischen BewĂ€ltigen von schulischen WochenplĂ€nen