Gamow-Teller sum rule in relativistic nuclear models

Relativistic corrections are investigated to the Gamow-Teller(GT) sum rule with respect to the difference between the $\beta_-$ and $\beta_+$ transition strengths in nuclei. Since the sum rule requires the complete set of the nuclear states, the relativistic corrections come from the anti-nucleon degrees of freedom. In the relativistic mean field approximation, the total GT strengths carried by the nucleon sector is quenched by about 12% in nuclear matter, while by about 8% in finite nuclei, compared to the sum rule value. The coupling between the particle-hole states with the nucleon-antinucleon states is also discussed with the relativistic random phase approximation, where the divergence of the response function is renormalized with use of the counter terms in the Lagrangian. It is shown that the approximation to neglect the divergence, like the no-sea approximation extensively used so far, is unphysical, from the sum-rule point of view.Comment: 12 pages, Brief review for Mod. Phys. Lett. A, using ws-mpla.cl

Lateness Gene Concerning Photosensitivity Increases Yield, by Applying Low to High Levels of Fertilization, in Rice, a Preliminary Report

Various genes controlling heading time have been reported in rice. An isogenic-line pair of late and early lines “L” and “E” were developed from progenies of the F1 of Suweon 258 × an isogenic line of IR36 carrying Ur1 gene. The lateness gene for photosensitivity that causes the difference between L and E was tentatively designated as “Ex(t)”, although it's chromosomal location is unknown. The present study was conducted to examine the effects of Ex(t) on yield and related traits in a paddy field in two years. Chemical fertilizers containing N, P2O5 and K2O were applied at the nitrogen levels of 4.00, 9.00 and 18.00 g/m2 in total, being denoted by "N4", "N9" and "N18", respectively, in 2014. L was later in 80%-heading by 18 or 19 days than E. Regarding total brown rice yield (g/m2), L and E were 635 and 577, 606 and 548, and 590 and 501, respectively, at N18, N9 and N4, indicating that Ex(t) increased this trait by 10 to 18%. Ex(t) increased yield of brown rice with thickness above 1.5mm (g/m2), by 9 to 15%. Ex(t) increased spikelet number per panicle by 16 to 22% and spikelet number per m2 by 11 to 18%. Thousand-grain weight (g) was 2 to 4% lower in L than in E. L was not significantly different from E in ripened-grain percentage. Hence, Ex(t) increased yield by increasing spikelet number per panicle. It is suggested that Ex(t) could be utilized to develop high yielding varieties for warmer districts of the temperate zone

The Gamow-Teller States in Relativistic Nuclear Models

The Gamow-Teller(GT) states are investigated in relativistic models. The Landau-Migdal(LM) parameter is introduced in the Lagrangian as a contact term with the pseudo-vector coupling. In the relativistic model the total GT strength in the nucleon space is quenched by about 12% in nuclear matter and by about 6% in finite nuclei, compared with the one of the Ikeda-Fujii-Fujita sum rule. The quenched amount is taken by nucleon-antinucleon excitations in the time-like region. Because of the quenching, the relativistic model requires a larger value of the LM parameter than non-relativistic models in describing the excitation energy of the GT state. The Pauli blocking terms are not important for the description of the GT states.Comment: REVTeX4, no figure

Spontaneous breaking of continuous translational invariance

Unbroken continuous translational invariance is often taken as a basic assumption in discussions of spontaneous symmetry breaking (SSB), which singles out SSB of translational invariance itself as an exceptional case. We present a framework which allows us to treat translational invariance on the same footing as other symmetries. It is shown that existing theorems on SSB can be straightforwardly extended to this general case. As a concrete application, we analyze the Nambu-Goldstone modes in a (ferromagnetic) supersolid. We prove on the ground of the general theorems that the Bogoliubov mode stemming from a spontaneously broken internal U(1) symmetry and the longitudinal phonon due to a crystalline order are distinct physical modes.Comment: 14 pages, 4 pdf/jpg figures, REVTeX 4.1; v2: section IV expanded, new appendix and references added, numerous other minor modifications throughout the tex

3D mappings by generalized joukowski transformations

The classical Joukowski transformation plays an important role in di erent applications of conformal mappings, in particular in the study of ows around the so-called Joukowski airfoils. In the 1980s H. Haruki and M. Barran studied generalized Joukowski transformations of higher order in the complex plane from the view point of functional equations. The aim of our contribution is to study the analogue of those generalized Joukowski transformations in Euclidean spaces of arbitrary higher dimension by methods of hypercomplex analysis. They reveal new insights in the use of generalized holomorphic functions as tools for quasi-conformal mappings. The computational experiences focus on 3D-mappings of order 2 and their properties and visualizations for di erent geometric con gurations, but our approach is not restricted neither with respect to the dimension nor to the order.Financial support from "Center for Research and Development in Mathematics and Applications" of the University of Aveiro, through the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT), is gratefully acknowledged. The research of the first author was also supported by the FCT under the fellowship SFRH/BD/44999/2008. Moreover, the authors would like to thank the anonymous referees for their helpful comments and suggestions which improved greatly the final manuscript

Self-folding of supramolecular polymers into bioinspired topology.

Folding one-dimensional polymer chains into well-defined topologies represents an important organization process for proteins, but replicating this process for supramolecular polymers remains a challenging task. We report supramolecular polymers that can fold into protein-like topologies. Our approach is based on curvature-forming supramolecular rosettes, which affords kinetic control over the extent of helical folding in the resulting supramolecular fibers by changing the cooling rate for polymerization. When using a slow cooling rate, we obtained misfolded fibers containing a minor amount of helical domains that folded on a time scale of days into unique topologies reminiscent of the protein tertiary structures. Thermodynamic analysis of fibers with varying degrees of folding revealed that the folding is accompanied by a large enthalpic gain. The self-folding proceeds via ordering of misfolded domains in the main chain using helical domains as templates, as fully misfolded fibers prepared by a fast cooling rate do not self-fold

Effects of the Neutron Spin-Orbit Density on Nuclear Charge Density in Relativistic Models

The neutron spin-orbit density contributes to the nuclear charge density as a relativistic effect. The contribution is enhanced by the effective mass stemming from the Lorentz-scalar potential in relativistic models. This enhancement explains well the difference between the cross sections of elastic electron scattering off $^{40}$Ca and $^{48}$Ca which was not reproduced in non-relativistic models. The spin-orbit density will be examined in more detail in electron scattering off unstable nuclei which would be available in the future.Comment: 4 pages with 3 eps figures, revte

Supramolecular copolymerization driven by integrative self-sorting of hydrogen-bonded rosettes.

Molecular recognition to preorganize noncovalently polymerizable supramolecular complexes is a characteristic process of natural supramolecular polymers, and such recognition processes allow for dynamic self-alteration, yielding complex polymer systems with extraordinarily high efficiency in their targeted function. We herein show an example of such molecular recognition-controlled kinetic assembly/disassembly processes within artificial supramolecular polymer systems using six-membered hydrogen-bonded supramolecular complexes (rosettes). Electron-rich and poor monomers are prepared that kinetically coassemble through a temperature-controlled protocol into amorphous coaggregates comprising a diverse mixture of rosettes. Over days, the electrostatic interaction between two monomers induces an integrative self-sorting of rosettes. While the electron-rich monomer inherently forms toroidal homopolymers, the additional electrostatic interaction that can also guide rosette association allows helicoidal growth of supramolecular copolymers that are comprised of an alternating array of two monomers. Upon heating, the helicoidal copolymers undergo a catastrophic transition into amorphous coaggregates via entropy-driven randomization of the monomers in the rosette

Polymorphism of Plasmodium Falciparum Dihydrofolate Reductase and Dihydropteroate Synthase Genes Among Pregnant Women with Falciparum Malaria in Banjar District, South Kalimantan Province, Indonesia

Pregnant women are highly vulnerable to malaria infection in its endemic areas, particularly infection by Plasmodium falciparum that can cause premature, low birth weight, severe anemia in pregnant women, and death. Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) for Intermittent Preventive Treatment for pregnant (IPTp) is used for malaria control in pregnancy recommended by the World Health Organization that has already been implemented in Africa. The P. falciparum resistance to SP has been reported in several malarial endemic areas, and mutations in the genes of Plasmodium falciparum Dihydrofolate Reductase (Pfdhfr) and Dihydropteroate Synthase (Pfdhps) are shown to be associated with parasite resistance to SP treatment. Genetic analysis of Pfdhfr and Pfdhps genes in pregnant women infected with P. falciparum has not yet been examined in Indonesia. The cross-sectional study was conducted at two subdistricts, Sungai Pinang and Peramasan, in Banjar district of South Kalimantan Province, where 127 pregnant women were recruited from 2008 to April 2010. Two important mutations in Pfdhfr gene (amino acid positions at N51 and S108) and three in Pfdhps gene (A437, K540 and A581) were analyzed by nested PCR-RFLP method. All of the seven pregnant women samples infected with P. falciparum presented PfDHFR 108N and PfDHPS 437G mutations. One of the samples had the additional mutation at PfDHPS 540, in which Lys is substituted by Glu. These results suggested that P. falciparum might present only some resistance to SP at Sungai Pinang and Peramasan subdistricts, Banjar District, South Kalimantan province, Indonesia. Although there were limited number of samples, this study showed only few mutations of Pfdhfr and Pfdhps genes in P. falciparum at Banjar district, South Kalimantan Province, that suggests SP might be effective for IPTp in this area. Thus, further analysis of the other mutation sites in Pfdhfr and Pfdhps genes and in vivo efficacy study of SP with more sufficient sample numbers will be necessary to confirm this preliminarily result