Exkursion zur regionalen Geographie Süd-Marokkos - Wirtschafts-, kultur- und physisch-geographische Aspekte zum Großraum zwischen Marrakech, Atlantikküste, Antiatlas und Randoasen der Sahara 27.03. – 10.04.2015

Mit landeskundlichen Referaten im Rahmen eines Hörsaal-Seminars theoretisch vertiefend vorbereitet berichtet das vorliegende Routenprotokoll von einem 14-tägigen Erkenntnis- und Lernprozess während einer geographischen Exkursion im Frühjahr 2015 nach Süd-Marokko. Landeskundlich ausgerichtete Schwerpunkte lagen auf geologisch-geomorphologischer, vegetationsgeographischer sowie wirtschafts-, siedlungs- und kulturgeographischer Thematik, wobei lokale kulturelle Gebräuche und Traditionen ebenfalls fokussiert wurden

Herakleia - Stadt und Landschaft des Latmos.Ein historisch-geografischer Leitfaden durch das Latmos-Gebirge und seine Umgebung

Landeskundlich-historisch-geographischer Führer durch eine Gebirgslandschaft Westanatoliens von der Prähistorie bis zur Gegenwar

Cooperation of a ubiquitin domain protein and an E3 ubiquitin ligase during chaperone/proteasome coupling

Background: Molecular chaperones recognize nonnative proteins and orchestrate cellular folding processes in conjunction with regulatory cofactors. However, not every attempt to fold a protein is successful, and misfolded proteins can be directed to the cellular degradation machinery for destruction. Molecular mechanisms underlying the cooperation of molecular chaperones with the degradation machinery remain largely enigmatic so far. Results: By characterizing the chaperone cofactors BAG-1 and CHIP, we gained insight into the cooperation of the molecular chaperones Hsc70 and Hsp70 with the ubiquitin/proteasome system, a major system for protein degradation in eukaryotic cells. The cofactor CHIP acts as a ubiquitin ligase in the ubiquitination of chaperone substrates such as the raf-1 protein kinase and the glucocorticoid hormone receptor. During targeting of signaling molecules to the proteasome, CHIP may cooperate with BAG-1, a ubiquitin domain protein previously shown to act as a coupling factor between Hsc/Hsp70 and the proteasome. BAG-1 directly interacts with CHIP; it accepts substrates from Hsc/Hsp70 and presents associated proteins to the CHIP ubiquitin conjugation machinery. Consequently, BAG-1 promotes CHIP-induced degradation of the glucocorticoid hormone receptor in vivo. Conclusions: The ubiquitin domain protein BAG-1 and the CHIP ubiquitin ligase can cooperate to shift the activity of the Hsc/Hsp70 chaperone system from protein folding to degradation. The chaperone cofactors thus act as key regulators to influence protein quality control

Identification of the mitochondrial MSRB2 as a binding partner of LG72

Genetic studies have linked the evolutionary novel, anthropoid primate-specific gene locus G72/G30 in the etiology of schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders. However, the function of the protein encoded by this locus, LG72, is currently controversially discussed. Some studies have suggested that LG72 binds to and regulates the activity of the peroxisomal enzyme D-amino-acid-oxidase, while others proposed an alternative role of this protein due to its mitochondrial location in vitro. Studies with transgenic mice expressing LG72 further suggested that high levels of LG72 lead to an impairment of mitochondrial functions with a concomitant increase in reactive oxygen species production. In the present study, we now performed extensive interaction analyses and identified the mitochondrial methionine-R-sulfoxide reductase B2 (MSRB2) as a specific interaction partner of LG72. MSRB2 belongs to the MSR protein family and functions in mitochondrial oxidative stress defense. Based on our results, we propose that LG72 is involved in the regulation of mitochondrial oxidative stress

CHIP Is a U-box-dependent E3 Ubiquitin Ligase: IDENTIFICATION OF Hsc70 AS A TARGET FOR UBIQUITYLATION

Proper folding of proteins (either newly synthesized or damaged in response to a stressful event) occurs in a highly regulated fashion. Cytosolic chaperones such as Hsc/Hsp70 are assisted by cofactors that modulate the folding machinery in a positive or negative manner. CHIP (carboxyl terminus of Hsc70-interacting protein) is such a cofactor that interacts with Hsc70 and, in general, attenuates its most well characterized functions. In addition, CHIP accelerates ubiquitin-dependent degradation of chaperone substrates. Using an in vitro ubiquitylation assay with recombinant proteins, we demonstrate that CHIP possesses intrinsic E3 ubiquitin ligase activity and promotes ubiquitylation. This activity is dependent on the carboxyl-terminal U-box. CHIP interacts functionally and physically with the stress-responsive ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family UBCH5. Surprisingly, a major target of the ubiquitin ligase activity of CHIP is Hsc70 itself. CHIP ubiquitylates Hsc70, primarily with short, noncanonical multiubiquitin chains but has no appreciable effect on steady-state levels or half-life of this protein. This effect may have heretofore unanticipated consequences with regard to the chaperoning activities of Hsc70 or its ability to deliver substrates to the proteasome. These studies demonstrate that CHIP is a bona fide ubiquitin ligase and indicate that U-box-containing proteins may comprise a new family of E3s

Комплекс геофизических исследований скважин для контроля технического состояния скважин и определения эксплуатационных характеристик пласта-коллектора на Медвежьем месторождении (ЯНАО)

Объектом исследования является: Медвежье нефтегазоконденсатное месторождение. Цель работы – Проектирование комплекса промыслово-геофизических исследований для оценки технического состояния скважины после капитального ремонта. В процессе исследования проводился: анализ промыслово-геофизических исследований. В результате исследования: был запроектирован комплекс для изучения технического состояния скважины. Область применения: результаты ВКР могут использоваться на нефтегазовых месторождениях с целью изучения технического состояния.The object of research is: Medvezhye oil and gas condensate field. The purpose of the work is to design a complex of field-geophysical surveys for assessing the technical condition of a well after major repairs. In the course of the study, the following was carried out: analysis of field geophysical studies. As a result of the study: a complex was designed to study the technical condition of the well. Field of application: the results of the research and development work can be used in oil and gas fields in order to study the technical condition of wells. Significance of the w

Towards an ecological understanding of dinoflagellate cyst functions

The life cycle of many dinoflagellates includes at least one nonflagellated benthic stage (cyst). In the literature, the different types of dinoflagellate cysts are mainly defined based on morphological (number and type of layers in the cell wall) and functional (long- or short-term endurance) differences. These characteristics were initially thought to clearly distinguish pellicle (thin-walled) cysts from resting (double-walled) dinoflagellate cysts. The former were considered short-term (temporal) and the latter long-term (resting) cysts. However, during the last two decades further knowledge has highlighted the great intricacy of dinoflagellate life histories, the ecological significance of cyst stages, and the need to clarify the functional and morphological complexities of the different cyst types. Here we review and, when necessary, redefine the concepts of resting and pellicle cysts, examining both their structural and their functional characteristics in the context of the life cycle strategies of several dinoflagellate species.Versión del editor

The cytosolic DnaJ-like protein Djp1p is involved specifically in peroxisomal protein import

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae DJP1 gene encodes a cytosolic protein homologous to Escherichia coli DnaJ. DnaJ homologues act in conjunction with molecular chaperones of the Hsp70 protein family in a variety of cellular processes. Cells with a DJP1 gene deletion are viable and exhibit a novel phenotype among cytosolic J-protein mutants in that they have a specific impairment of only one organelle, the peroxisome. The phenotype was also unique among peroxisome assembly mutants: peroxisomal matrix proteins were mislocalized to the cytoplasm to a varying extent, and peroxisomal structures failed to grow to full size and exhibited a broad range of buoyant densities. Import of marker proteins for the endoplasmic reticulum, nucleus, and mitochondria was normal. Furthermore, the metabolic adaptation to a change in carbon source, a complex multistep process, was unaffected in a DJP1 gene deletion mutant. We conclude that Djp1p is specifically required for peroxisomal protein import

The ubiquitin ligase CHIP integrates proteostasis and aging by regulation of insulin receptor turnover

Aging is attended by a progressive decline in protein homeostasis (proteostasis), aggravating the risk for protein aggregation diseases. To understand the coordination between proteome imbalance and longevity, we addressed the mechanistic role of the quality-control ubiquitin ligase CHIP, which is a key regulator of proteostasis. We observed that CHIP deficiency leads to increased levels of the insulin receptor (INSR) and reduced lifespan of worms and flies. The membrane-bound INSR regulates the insulin and IGF1 signaling (IIS) pathway and thereby defines metabolism and aging. INSR is a direct target of CHIP, which triggers receptor monoubiquitylation and endocytic-lysosomal turnover to promote longevity. However, upon proteotoxic stress conditions and during aging, CHIP is recruited toward disposal of misfolded proteins, reducing its capacity to degrade the INSR. Our study indicates a competitive relationship between proteostasis and longevity regulation through CHIP-assisted proteolysis, providing a mechanistic concept for understanding the impact of proteome imbalance on aging