269 research outputs found
En modell för att berÀkna jordpackningens effekter pÄ grödornas avkastning
Vid avdelningen för jordbearbetning har utarbetats en empirisk modell för att berÀkna skördesÀnkningar orsakade av jordpackning, och vÀrdet av olika motÄtgÀrder. Modellen Àr baserad pÄ resultat i fÀltförsök, huvudsakligen utförda i Sverige, och berÀkningarna gÀller i första hand odlingssystem med Ärlig plöjning. Modellen Àr datoriserad och avsedd för rÄdgivning pÄ gÄrdsnivÄ, och berÀkningarna avser fyra typer av packningsskador: 1. Effekter av Äterpackning efter plöjning. Det antas att en viss Äterpackning (rÀtt "packningsgrad") krÀvs efter plöjning krÀvs för att ge maximal skörd. PÄ basis av körspÄrens fördelning, maskinernas vikt, marktryck och fuktighet vid körtillfÀllet berÀknas packningsgraden för olika delytor. Packningsgradens fördelning ligger i sin tur till grund för en berÀkning av skörden. 2. Strukturskador i matjorden som finns kvar efter plöjning. BerÀkning av skördeförlusten baseras pÄ körintensiteten i antal tonkm (maskinernas vikt gÄnger körstrÀckan pÄ fÀltet), lerhalten, marktrycket och markfuktigheten vid körtillfÀllet. Effekterna kan kvarstÄ i fem Är, och den totala förlusten anges i procent av en Ärsskörd. 3. Skador av packning i alven. BerÀkningarna liknar de för del 2, men bara maskiner med hög axelbelastning beaktas och skadorna antas bli mera bestÄende. Förlusten antas vara oberoende av jordarten. 4. Effekter av körning i vall. BerÀkningarna liknar de för del 1. Förlusten skattas frÄn körspÄrens fördelning pÄ fÀltet, med hÀnsyn bl.a. till vallens Älder och fuktigheten vid körtillfÀllet
Negative V3-declaratives in Finland Swedish
This article is concerned with negative V3-declaratives in the Swedish dialects of Finland. We argue that this peculiar word order is a consequence of syntactic reanalysis: the negative marker has changed from syntactic phrase to syntactic head. Though the negative marker in the standard varieties of Swedish has all the characteristics of a syntactic phrase, the data strongly support a head analysis of the negative marker in some of the Finland Swedish dialects: negation is phonetically reduced, may cliticize to the finite verb, and can combine with other negative elements to yield negative concord. The proposed development of the negative element is in line with the general direction of Jespersenâs (1917) cycle, as proposed also by van Gelderen (2008). Furthermore, our data reveal that negative V3-declaratives are less syntactically restricted and have a wider geographical distribution than has hitherto been assumed in the literature
Negative V3-declaratives in Finland Swedish
This article is concerned with negative V3-declaratives in the Swedish dialects of Finland. We argue that this peculiar word order is a consequence of syntactic reanalysis: the negative marker has changed from syntactic phrase to syntactic head. Though the negative marker in the standard varieties of Swedish has all the characteristics of a syntactic phrase, the data strongly support a head analysis of the negative marker in some of the Finland Swedish dialects: negation is phonetically reduced, may cliticize to the finite verb, and can combine with other negative elements to yield negative concord. The proposed development of the negative element is in line with the general direction of Jespersenâs (1917) cycle, as proposed also by van Gelderen (2008). Furthermore, our data reveal that negative V3-declaratives are less syntactically restricted and have a wider geographical distribution than has hitherto been assumed in the literature
Kriminella idrottsutövare? - Om ansvarsfrihet vid idrottsrelaterat vÄld
Syftet med denna uppsats Àr att utreda huruvida det vore fördelaktigt med ett prejudicerande avgörande frÄn HD betrÀffande vÄldsamma handlingar begÄngna vid organiserad idrottsutövning i Sverige. SÄdana handlingar som normalt föranleder straffrÀttsligt ansvar för misshandel men istÀllet resulterar i ansvarsfrihet dÄ handlingarna utförts pÄ en idrottsplan. En förutsÀttning för att en person ska kunna hÄllas straffrÀttsligt ansvarig för misshandel Àr att det saknas rÀttfÀrdigande omstÀndigheter. SÄdana omstÀndigheter Àr bl.a. samtycke och social adekvans. Vad dessa tvÄ ansvarsfrihetsgrunder innebÀr i allmÀnhet Àr tÀmligen klart, dÄ samtycke regleras i brottsbalken och det förekommer prejudikat som berör social adekvans. Hur dessa omstÀndigheter förhÄller sig vid en idrottslig situation Àr dÀremot oklart. Det saknas lagreglering gÀllande social adekvans, det saknas enhetlig doktrin bakom begreppet samtycke vid idrottsutövning och det saknas prejudikat frÄn HD pÄ omrÄdet. Begreppet social adekvans vid idrottsrelaterat vÄld har benÀmnts, direkt och indirekt, vid tvÄ avgöranden i domstol. Definitionen av begreppet verkar vara att det vid en intressekonflikt mellan tvÄ intressen finns ett intresse som överordnas det andra. Om social adekvans Àr ett argument för ansvarsfrihet eller endast ska förstÄs som en slutsats som förklarar ansvarsfriheten Àr emellertid oklart. Domstolarna verkar dock vara överens om att det behövs ytterligare nÄgon form av ansvarsfrihetsgrund nÀr det rör vÄld vid idrottsutövning, utöver samtycke. Det starka samhÀllsintresset för idrotten kan i vissa fall motivera ansvarsfrihet vid idrottsrelaterat vÄld. Vad gÀller samtycke Àr doktrin splittrad angÄende hur lÄngt ett samtycke strÀcker sig. Vissa menar att det strÀcker sig sÄ lÄngt som till regelstridiga handlingar som resulterar i skada, medan vissa menar att det Àr en för lÄngtgÄende tolkning. Vad man dÀremot Àr överens om Àr att man genom deltagande i idrott samtycker till nÄgon form av skaderisk. Dessa tvÄ ansvarsfrihetsgrunder har visat sig tÀmligen svÄra att bÄde motivera och att tillÀmpa för underrÀtterna och doktrin. Med avsaknad av ett prejudikat frÄn HD försÀmras förutsebarheten dÄ omrÄdet Àr oreglerat i lag och det finns oenigheter inom doktrin. OmrÄdet skulle onekligen bli mer rÀttssÀkert med ett prejudicerande avgörande frÄn HD.The purpose of this essay is to examine whether it would be favorable with a precedent from the Swedish supreme court in case of violent actions during organized sport in Sweden. Referring to such actions that normally would result in criminal liability due to assault, but instead results in discharge since the actions been performed on a sports field. Criminal liability regarding assault requires lack of justifying circumstances. Such circumstances are for instance consent and social adequacy. It is quite clear what these two justifying circumstances generally means, since consent is regulated in the Swedish criminal law and since the existence of precedents concerning social adequacy. However, it is unclear how these circumstances relate to an athletic situation. There is no law enforcement regarding social adequacy, there is no uniform doctrine regarding consent when sporting and there is no precedent from the supreme court. The concept of social adequacy has been mentioned in two judgements in court, both directly and indirectly. The definition of the term appears to be that in the event of a conflict of interest between two interests there is an interest which is superior to the second. However, if social adequacy is an argument for discharge or only to be understood as a conclusion explaining the discharge is unclear. Nevertheless, in addition to consent, the courts seem to agree that additional forms of liability are required in the case of violence in the exercise of sport. The strong public interest in sport can in some cases justify the discharge of sport-related violence. As far as consent is concerned, the doctrine is divided as to how far a consent extends. Some believe that it extends so far as to unlawful actions that result in injury, while some believe it is too far-reaching interpretation. What, on the other hand, agrees is that through participation in sport, you agree to some form of injuries. These two grounds of discharge have been proved quite difficult to both motivate but also to use for the lower courts and doctrine. With the absence of a precedent from the supreme court, the predictability deteriorates as the area is unregulated in law and there are disagreements in the doctrine. The area would definitely be more legally secure with a preliminary ruling from the supreme court
Temporary Employment and the Future Labor Market Status
The aim of this article is to describe and explain the development of temporary employment in Sweden between 1992 and 2010, and to investigate the effect of temporary employment for individualsâ future career on the labor market. The article analyzes temporary employeesâ status transitions on the labor market using Swedish Labour Force Survey (LFS) data for the period 1992â2010. Each cohort consists of 2-year panels and focuses on changes between the first and last measuring points. The findings indicate that the specific type of temporary employment is crucial as regards whether or not it constitutes a stepping-stone toward permanent employment. The chances are greater in the case of, for example, substitutes, but are considerably less in the case of on-call employment. Certain types of temporary employment thus seem to be used by the employer to screen the employability of the employee, while others are used for achieving flexibilit
The changing residential patterns of immigrants - the case of Sweden 1973-1992
Swedish immigration policy has recently changed. The plan known as âWhole of Sweden Strategyâ no longer applies, and there is greater freedom to choose where one lives. Migration is important in the redistribution of the population, and thus immigration plays a significant role. In light of this, there are good grounds for following how concentration and dispersion of immigrant groups vary, both geographically and in time
Cystatin C in the anterior segment of rat and mouse eyes.
Purpose: Cystatin C is a mammalian cysteine protease inhibitor. This study describes the localization of cystatin C in the anterior segment of normal rat and mouse eyes. Cysteine proteases play an important role in protein degradation (e.g. of photoreceptor outer segments in the retinal pigment epithelium) and the balance between these proteases and their specific inhibitors is therefore of great interest. Methods: Cells containing cystatin C were identified by immunohistochemistry and quantified by ELISA. Messenger RNA levels were analysed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results: Cystatin C is present at biologically significant levels in the corneal epithelium, endothelium and stromal keratinocytes, lens epithelium, epithelial cells in the ciliary processes, aqueous humour and iris stromal cells. In the rat anterior segment, the highest cystatin C concentrations were found in the ciliary epithelium. Conclusions: Cystatin C is present in several cell types and is probably locally produced. The inhibitor is likely to be an important regulator of cysteine proteases in the retinal pigment epithelium, ciliary epithelium, aqueous humour, lens epithelium and in the corneal endothelium and epithelium
Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in patients with epilepsy in Alzheimer's disease: a nation-wide study
Alzheimerâs disease is the most common neurodegenerative dementia. A subset of Alzheimerâs disease patients develop epilepsy. The risk is higher in young-onset Alzheimerâs disease, but pathophysiological mechanisms remain elusive. The purpose of this study was to assess biomarkers reflecting neurodegeneration in Alzheimerâs disease patients with and without epilepsy. By cross-referencing the largest national laboratory database with Swedish national patient registers, we could identify cerebrospinal fluid biomarker results from 17901 Alzheimerâs disease patients, and compare levels of neurofilament light, glial fibrillary acidic protein, total tau, phosphorylated tau, and amyloid beta 42 in patients with (nâ=â851) and without epilepsy. The concentrations of total tau and phosphorylated tau were higher in Alzheimerâs disease patients with epilepsy than Alzheimerâs disease patients without epilepsy and amyloid beta 42 levels were significantly lower in Alzheimerâs disease patients with epilepsy. No differences in the levels of neurofilament light and glial fibrillary acidic protein were observed. Our study suggests that epilepsy is more common in Alzheimerâs disease patients with more pronounced Alzheimerâs pathology, as determined by the CSF biomarkers. Further studies are needed to investigate the biomarker potential of these CSF markers as predictors of epilepsy course or as indicators of epileptogenesis in Alzheimerâs disease
V2 eller V3? Om preverbal placering av adverbial i svenskan
En rad adverbial kan i svenska placeras före det finita verbet i huvudsatser, vilket rent linjÀrt ger upphov till en ledföljd dÀr det finita verbet förskjuts till tredje position i satsen (t.ex. hon bara skojade; han nÀstan grÀt av glÀdje). UtgÄngspunkten för de resonemang som förs i denna artikel Àr att endast adverbial som har status som syntaktiska huvuden och inte som maximala projektioner kan förbindas med finita verb. Men Àven om syntaktisk status Àr avgörande för möjligheten till preverbal placering, kan den knappast vara orsaken eftersom adjungering inte Àr nÄgon obligatorisk syntaktisk operation. Mot denna bakgrund lanseras hypotesen att preverbal placering av adverbial Àr strikt begrÀnsad av det adverbiella uttryckets semantik: endast adverbial som uttrycker en motsÀttning mellan vad som hÀvdas och vad som presupponeras kan förbindas med det finita verbet
A chĂąteau in the romantic bower : forest development at ChĂąteau du Grand Val - To develop an integrated creative forest management plan
The work presented here aims to give the owners of
ChĂąteau du Grand Val, Roland and Marie Nilsson
dâAubignĂ© an integrated creative forest management plan
in which their goals with the property is heeded, and
where the plan is so clear that they can follow it without
much difficulty.
This work has come about through the normal processes
of forest management plans, landscape architectural
proposals as well as through field trips, field and
literature studies, and our combined experience from
our studies. The study visits, both on location in Brittany,
France, but also in other places, as for instance Högestad,
has provided the background information that formed
the basis of our analysis and the proposal that is derived thereof. Some suggestions, which we consider important
to the overall impression of the property, is provided a
more focused and detailed solution, while other parts,
which are important but can either benefit from having
dynamics in the design process or will be adapted to
adjacent sites, are developed using a more general
approach. In some cases several possible development
principles are presented.
The proposal presents a detailed plan for the
management of the forest from the experience, wildlife
and forestry economic standpoint. The results are
presented in both text and illustrations. Emphasis was
put to promote balance between the three aspects of the
forest so that all three reach optimal conditions.Detta sjÀlvstÀndiga arbete syftar till att ge Àgarna till
ChĂąteau du Grand Val, Roland och Marie Nilsson
d ÌAubigne en integrerad gestaltande skogsbruksplan
dÀr deras mÄl med fastigheten Àr hörsammade och
dÀr planen Àr sÄ tydlig att de kan följa den utan större
svÄrighet.
Genom studiebesök, fÀlt- och litteraturstudier samt
vÄr samlade erfarenhet frÄn vÄra studier har detta
arbete kommit till genom sedvanliga processer för
skogsbruksplaner samt landskapsarkitektoniska förslag.
Studiebesöken, bÄde pÄ plats i Bretagne, Frankrike,
men Àven pÄ andra platser som Högestad har gett den
bakgrundsinformation som sedan legat till grund för
vÄra analyser och de ur analyserna komna förslagen.
Vissa förslag, som vi anser viktiga för helhetsintrycket
pÄ godset, ges en mer fokuserad och detaljerad lösning,
medan andra delar, som Àr viktiga men som antingen
kan gagnas av att ha dynamik i gestaltandet eller som
kommer behöva anpassas efter andra platsers utveckling
ges en mer generell gestaltande plan och i vissa fall flera
möjliga utvecklingsprinciper.
Det förslag som presenteras hÀr Àr en utförlig plan för
brukandet av skogen ur upplevelse, viltvÄrdande och
skogsekonomisk synvinkel. Resultatet redovisas i bÄde
text och illustrationer. Tonvikten har legat pÄ att frÀmja
balans mellan de tre aspekterna av skogen sÄ att alla tre
nÄr optimala förutsÀttningar
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