Confusion in Epidendrum brenesii Schltr., and a new Costa Rican species: Epidendrum sotoanum (Orchidacaeae)

Two species have been confused under the name Epidendrum brenesii Schltr., both were used in the original description and drawing of the type. The purple-flowered species, has been commonly known as E. brenesii, a specimen collected by Brenes close to the original locus typicus is therefore used to neotypify the species. The yellow-flowered species is described as Epidendrum sotoanum Karremans & Hágsater, in honor of the late Mexican botanist Miguel Ángel Soto Arenas.UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Agroalimentarias::Jardín Botánico Lankester (JBL

Miguel Ángel Soto Arenas (1963-2009)

Bio

New and noteworthy species of the genus Epidendrum (Orchidaceae, Laeliinae) from the Área de Conservación Privada La Pampa del Burro, Amazonas, Peru

Fourteen species of the genus Epidendrum, recently collected in the Área de Conservación Privada La Pampa del Burro (ACPPB), five of them new to science (Epidendrum echinatiantherum sp. nov., E. imazaense sp. nov., E. parvireflexilobum sp. nov., E. rosulatum sp. nov., and E. ochrostachyum sp. nov.), are described and illustrated. The other species include a new record for Peru (E. acrobatesii) and four for the department of Amazonas (E. brachyblastum, E. forcipatum, E. mavrodactylon, and E. tridens). Epidendrum enantilobum is here considered a synonym of Epidendrum brachyblastum. The type locality of Epidendrum cryptorhachis, originally stated as Ecuador, Guayabamba, is corrected to indicate that it refers to the valley of Guayabamba, Rodríguez de Mendoza, Amazonas, Peru. Our results show the need to continue conducting botanical exploration in the ACPPB as a baseline for subsequent studies, including a full inventory of the orchid diversity

The origin and speciation of orchids

SummaryOrchids constitute one of the most spectacular radiations of flowering plants. However, their origin, spread across the globe, and hotspots of speciation remain uncertain due to the lack of an up-to-date phylogeographic analysis.We present a new Orchidaceae phylogeny based on combined high-throughput and Sanger sequencing data, covering all five subfamilies, 17/22 tribes, 40/49 subtribes, 285/736 genera, and c. 7% (1921) of the 29 524 accepted species, and use it to infer geographic range evolution, diversity, and speciation patterns by adding curated geographical distributions from the World Checklist of Vascular Plants.The orchids' most recent common ancestor is inferred to have lived in Late Cretaceous Laurasia. The modern range of Apostasioideae, which comprises two genera with 16 species from India to northern Australia, is interpreted as relictual, similar to that of numerous other groups that went extinct at higher latitudes following the global climate cooling during the Oligocene. Despite their ancient origin, modern orchid species diversity mainly originated over the last 5 Ma, with the highest speciation rates in Panama and Costa Rica.These results alter our understanding of the geographic origin of orchids, previously proposed as Australian, and pinpoint Central America as a region of recent, explosive speciation

Epidendrum tolimense Lindl. (Orchidaceae), una especie sudamericana encontrada en Costa Rica

U n a e s p e c i e p r e v i a m e n t e c o n o c i d a d e s u r A m é r i c a h a s i d o e n c o n t r a d a e n l a C o r d i l l e r a d e Talamanca, Costa Rica. Epidendrum tolimense pertenece al Grupo Elleanthoides y es la primera especie de este grupo que se encuentra fuera de los Andes. A species previously known from South America is found in the Cordillera de Talamanca, Costa Rica. Epidendrum tolimense belongs to the Elleanthoides Group, and is the first species of this group to be found outside the Andes.

Oncidium ornithorhynchum, una especie mal interpretada y un nombre para una vieja especie: Oncidium sotoanum (Orchidaceae)

The true identity of Oncidium ornithorhynchum Kunth is identified based on the type found at the Paris herbarium (P). It does not correspond to the well known Mexican and Central American species, but to O. pyramidale Lindl. from Ecuador, Colombia and Peru. The Mexican and Central American species is proposed as new: O. sotoanum R.Jiménez & Hágsater, and a new sub-species is also proposed, O. sotoanum ssp. papalosmum R.Jiménez, known only from the states of Oaxaca and Chiapas, Mexico.Se aclara la identidad de Oncidium ornithorhynchum Kunth, una especie mal interpretada, debido a que el tipo depositado en el herbario de París (P) no corresponde con la especie que ha recibido ese nombre en México y Centroamérica, sino con un taxón de Ecuador, Colombia y Perú conocido como O. pyramidale Lindl. Se propone como nueva a la especie de México y Centroamérica: O. sotoanum R.Jiménez & Hágsater y se describe una nueva subespecie: O. sotoanum ssp. papalosmum R.Jiménez, conocida únicamente de los estados de Oaxaca y Chiapas, México

El grupo epidanthus, subgrupo selaginella de epidendrum

The revision of a large number of herbarium specimens determined as Epidendrum selaginella Schltr. and which had evident foliar differences compared to the type served to prepare a detailed description of this widely distributed species in Costa Rica and Panama, and an analysis of the floral segments led to the recognition of two new species closely allied to Epidendrum selaginella, and confused with that Central American species: Epidendrum astroselaginella, and Epidendrum stenoselaginella. An illustrated key is provided.La revisión de una gran cantidad de ejemplares de herbario determinados como Epidendrum selaginella Schltr. que mostraban diferencias foliares evidentes comparadas con el ejemplar tipo que sirvió para describir esta especie ampliamente distribuida en Costa Rica y Panamá así como el análisis de los segmentos florales de los mismos permitieron reconocen 2 nuevas especies muy cercanas a Epidendrum selaginella y por mucho tiempo confundidas con esa especie centroamericana: Epidendrum astroselaginella y Epidendrum stenoselaginella. Se presenta una clave ilustrad

Miguel Ángel Soto Arenas (1963-2009)

Bio

Epidendrum brenesii Schltr.

Of the 44 species monographed in this fascicle, 30 are new to science and 14 have been published elsewhere, at least one of them as recently as one month ago. One of the new ones is a natural hybrid, Epidendrum × pinheiroi Hágsater, from coastal southern Brazil, which has been thoroughly studied in the field, and is an example of population and natural hybridization dynamics in the Schistochilum Group throughout South America and the Lesser Antilles (the group is referred to as subgenus Amphyglottium in Brazil). More examples of such natural hybrids are in the process of being studied. The fact that such natural hybrids are common in this group, should not be extrapolated to other Epidendrum groups. Of the 44 species, 21 correspond to Peru, 12 each to Colombia and Ecuador, but 4 are found near the border between Ecuador and Peru, so they are bound to be found in the other country. Venezuela has 3, there are 2 each for Bolivia, Brazil and Costa Rica, and one each for Panama, Guyana and Cuba. Most are limited in their known distribution, but at least two are widely distributed from northern Colombia/Venezuela to Peru or Bolivia, and interestingly a species from the pacific coast of Costa Rica and Panama has appeared in the Amazon basin of Ecuador. In this issue, the authors have tackled a group of species which have been lumped broadly under the name Epidendrum saxicola Kraenzl. and are distributed mainly in Peru and a few in Bolivia. As usual, it has taken extensive herbarium and field work, in addition to interacting with several local botanists and collectors, as well as photographers and searching the internet. A wonderful collection of images of live flowers and herbarium specimens was found at the Botanical Research Institute of Texas, BRIT, in Fort Worth, Texas, – the work of Rebecca Repasky, currently a physician, but in her student days she studied the plant diversity at the Wayqecha Cloud Forest Research Station, in the Kosñipata Valley on the edges of the Manu National Park in Cusco, Peru. The increase in the availability of species images on the Internet by many Institutions and photographers is a valuable source of information. Without digital images of fresh flowers in colour, it would have been impossible to recognize and delimit the species in this group. The result is 9 new species, mainly from Cusco and Pasco, which are proposed here. A couple of additional species are still in process and a few older ones are waiting for digital images from fresh flowers to be able to illustrate them.UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Agroalimentarias::Jardín Botánico Lankester (JBL

Epidendrum falsigarayi

Similar to Epidendrum garayi Løjtnant but the flower brick-red, petals and margin of lip wine-red (vs. greenish purple), sepals 12.0-12.3 x 6.0-6.3 mm, ovate (vs. sepals 10-12 x 3.0-4.0 mm, oblong-lanceolate, lateral sepals falcate), petals 8.6 x 4.4 mm, triangular-ovate, acute (vs. petals 10.5- 11.5 x 2.5-3.0 mm, lanceolate, shortly acuminate, falcate), and lip widely cordiform (vs. lip cordiform). Epiphytic, sympodial, branching, pendulous herb, to ca. 40 cm long, with successive sub-apical growths, forming long chains of short stems, sometimes branching from a middle internode. Roots 1 mm in diameter, terete, thin, white, generally produced from the basal stems only. Stems to 50 x 2.5 mm, simple, cane-like, terete, thin, pendent, formed by 3-5 internodes, short, secund, facing the same direction, the internodes covered by infundibuliform, acute, non-foliar sheaths to 12 mm long. Leaves 3-4[-6], aggregate at the apex of the apical internode, sub-pendent, coriaceous, articulate, similar in size and shape; sheaths 2-3 mm long, tubular, minutely striated when dry; blade to 25-50 x 3-5 mm, linearlanceolate, acuminate, margin serrulate towards the apex, spreading. Spathe lacking. Inflorescence apical, sessile, 1-flowered, flowering only once.UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Agroalimentarias::Jardín Botánico Lankester (JBL