Japan\u27s War on Three Fronts Prior to 1941

This paper argues that Japan fought a three-front war prior to 1941. Japan not only fought China in the Second Sino-Japanese War, but conducted military operations against the Soviet Union. The third front occurred within Japan, as military factionalism prevented Japan from focusing on either China or the Soviet Union. By 1941, weakened through years of war, Japan focused their attention on French Indochina. This ultimately led to U.S entry into World War II

Need for dental care among medical staff working in the China Antarctic stations

ABSTRACTEven though China Antarctic medical care has made huge progress, dental care has always been a neglected area. Dental health is well-known to be closely related with life quality and work efficiency. Hence, knowing the dental care situation there and providing ways to improve are urgently needed. We choose doctors who worked in China Antarctic station as a window to see the whole picture by sending questionnaire. The results showed dental visits ranked second high, the ratio of doctors who got pre-departure dental knowledge education and screen is low. What is worse, none of them got any after-departure dental check. Their dental knowledge is not as good as we expect, and they were troubled by dental problems in Antarctic. Interestingly, most dental problems were treated by non-dentist with no essential equipment, but 2/3 of them were satisfied with the outcome. As for the dental-related diet and behaviour, snacks eating and alcohol drinking are the strongest predictors of dental pain and gum problem. Those findings are crucial to Antarctic dental care and research

Tuning of current-induced effective magnetic field through Rashba effect engineering in hybrid multiferroic structures

Current-induced effective magnetic fields offer a new pathway through spin orbit interaction (SOI) to switch magnetization and have recently attracted great interest. In the conventional heavy metal/ferromagnetic metal/oxide (HM/FM/Oxide) structure, significant efforts have been made to study the role of the HM in determining effective magnetic fields. However, very little attention has been paid to the oxide layer and its interface with FM, where the Rashba effect may affect the effective field. In this report, we present a pathway to tune the effective magnetic field by engineering the Rashba effect in a hybrid multiferroic multilayer structure. A ferroelectric oxide of BaTiO3, whose polarizations either up or down are controlled by interface engineering, was introduced into the conventional SOI multilayer with the structure of BaTiO3/CoFeB/Pt. The current-induced effective magnetic fields increase by more than 200% when the ferroelectric polarization of BaTiO3 changes from up to down. The changes in the effective magnetic field are mainly attributed to the different Rashba effective fields induced by the opposite ferroelectric polarizations. Our study offers a new path towards controlling the current-induced effective magnetic field and may pave the way for integrating other functional oxides into the spintronic devices

Protective Effects of Chicken Egg Yolk Immunoglobulins (IgYs) against Vibrio vulnificus Infections

Vibrio (V.) vulnificus infection is a rare disease whose death rates exceed 50% despite aggressive antibiotic treatment and surgical debridement. The aim of this study was to assess the ability of specific anti-V. vulnificus immunoglobulins Y (IgYs) for preventing and treating V. vulnificus infections. IgYs were produced by immunizing egg laying hens with inactivated whole cell bacteria. Peritoneal cytokines, blood’s bacterial load, and survival curves were obtained from both prophylactic and therapeutic mouse models. The results showed that the specific IgYs (i) inhibited the growth of V. vulnificus in vitro, (ii) dramatically reduced the inflammatory response and blood’s bacterial load, and (iii) improved the survival rate of V. vulnificus-infected mice. These results prove that anti-V. vulnificus IgYs can be markedly effective means for the prophylaxis and the therapy of V. vulnificus infections

贵州不同油茶物种及产地对油茶籽油品质的影响Influence of different species and origins on quality of oil-tea camellia seed oil in Guizhou

为探究贵州不同油茶的生产适应性，分析贵州本土油茶物种与普通油茶的差异性，研究不同产地对油茶籽油品质的影响，对贵州2个主要油茶物种（威宁短柱油茶、西南红山茶）和3个主要产地（贵阳、平塘、册亨）的普通油茶籽仁含油率及其制取油脂的理化特性、脂肪酸组成与活性物质含量进行检测，应用聚类分析和主成分分析进行综合评价。结果表明，威宁短柱油茶和西南红山茶籽仁的含油率较高，分别达到了57.76%和56.08%，与普通油茶差异显著（p＜0.05）。各物种及产地的油茶籽油不饱和脂肪酸相对含量差异不显著（p＞0.05），而威宁短柱油茶籽油和西南红山茶籽油饱和脂肪酸相对含量较高（p＜0.05）。平塘普通油茶籽油中总甾醇、维生素E、总黄酮含量最高，分别达到了354.63 mg/100 g、84.02 mg/kg和4.24 g/kg；威宁短柱油茶籽油的角鲨烯含量最高，为145.63 mg/kg；西南红山茶籽油的总酚含量最高，达到了208.69 mg/kg。聚类分析显示，威宁短柱油茶和西南红山茶为一类，贵阳和册亨的普通油茶为第二类，平塘的普通油茶单独为一类。主成分分析结果表明，西南红山茶的综合得分最高，威宁短柱油茶的次之，西南红山茶和威宁短柱油茶较适用于油茶籽油的生产加工。 In order to explore the production adaptability of different camellia from Guizhou， the differences between native camellia species and Camellia oleifera were analyzed，and the influence of different origins on the quality of oil-tea camellia seed oil was studied, the oil contents in seed kernel of 2 species of camellia seeds (Camellia saluenensis and Camellia pitardii ) and Camellia oleifera from three origins(Guiyang, Pingtang and Ceheng), and the physicochemical properties，fatty acid composition, and active substance content of their oils were determined. The indexes were comprehensively evaluated by systematic cluster analysis and principal component analysis. The results showed that the oil contents of Camellia saluenensis seed and Camellia pitardii seed were 57.76% and 56.08% respectively, which were significantly higher than that of the Camellia oleifera seed (p0.05). The contents of saturated fatty acids in Camellia saluenensis seed oil and Camellia pitardii seed oil were higher (p<0.05). The contents of sterols, vitamin E, and total flavonoids in Camellia oleifera seed oil from Pingtang were the highest, reaching 354.63 mg/100 g, 84.02 mg/kg and 4.24 g/kg respectively. The Camellia saluenensis seed oil had the highest squalene content (145.63 mg/kg). The total polyphenol content in Camellia pitardii seed oil was the highest, reaching 208.69 mg/kg. Cluster analysis showed that Camellia saluenensis and Camellia pitardii were in the first category, the Camellia oleifera from Guiyang and Ceheng were in the second category, and Camellia oleifera from Pingtang was other category. The results of principal component analysis showed that Camellia pitardii had the highest scores, followed by Camellia saluenensis, and the seeds of Camellia pitardii and Camellia saluenensis were more suitable for the production and processing of oil-tea camellia seed oil

Symmetry-dependent field-free switching of perpendicular magnetization

International audienceModern magnetic-memory technology requires all-electric control of perpendicular magnetization with low energy consumption. While spin-orbit torque (SOT) in heavy metal/ferromagnet (HM/FM) heterostructures 1-5 holds promise for applications in magnetic random access memory, till today, it is limited to the in-plane direction. Such in-plane torque can switch perpendicular magnetization only deterministically with the help of additional symmetry breaking, e.g., through the application of an external magnetic field 2,4 , an interlayer coupling 6-9 or an asymmetric design 10-14. Instead, an outof-plane spin-orbit torque 15 could directly switch perpendicular magnetization

Current-induced self-switching of perpendicular magnetization in CoPt single layer

International audienceAbstract All-electric switching of perpendicular magnetization is a prerequisite for the integration of fast, high-density, and low-power magnetic memories and magnetic logic devices into electric circuits. To date, the field-free spin-orbit torque (SOT) switching of perpendicular magnetization has been observed in SOT bilayer and trilayer systems through various asymmetric designs, which mainly aim to break the mirror symmetry. Here, we report that the perpendicular magnetization of Co x Pt 100- x single layers within a special composition range (20 < x < 56) can be deterministically switched by electrical current in the absence of external magnetic field. Specifically, the Co 30 Pt 70 shows the largest out-of-plane effective field efficiency and best switching performance. We demonstrate that this unique property arises from the cooperation of two structural mechanisms: the low crystal symmetry property at the Co platelet/Pt interfaces and the composition gradient along the thickness direction. Compared with that in bilayers or trilayers, the field-free switching in Co x Pt 100- x single layer greatly simplifies the SOT structure and avoids additional asymmetric designs

Effect of Extrinsically Introduced Passive Interface Layer on the Performance of Ferroelectric Tunnel Junctions

We report the effect of the top electrode/functional layer interface on the performance of ferroelectric tunnel junctions. Ex situ and in situ fabrication process were used to fabricate the top Pt electrode. With the ex situ fabrication process, one passive layer at the top interface would be induced. Our experimental results show that the passive interface layer of the ex situ devices increases the coercive voltage of the functional BaTiO₃ layer and decreases the tunneling current magnitude. However, the ex situ tunneling devices possess more than 1000 times larger ON/OFF ratios than that of the in situ devices with the same size of top electrode