RIPK1 Mediates TNF-Induced Intestinal Crypt Apoptosis During Chronic NF-κB Activation

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a major pathogenic effector and a therapeutic target in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), yet the basis for TNF-induced intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) death is unknown, because TNF does not kill normal IECs. Here, we investigated how chronic nuclear factor (NF)- κB activation, which occurs in human IBD, promotes TNF-dependent IEC death in mice. Human IBD specimens were stained for p65 and cleaved caspase-3. C57BL/6 mice with constitutively active IKKβ in IEC (Ikkβ(EE) IEC ), Ripk1 D138N/D138N knockin mice, and Ripk3 -/- mice were injected with TNF or lipopolysaccharide. Enteroids were also isolated from these mice and challenged with TNF with or without RIPK1 and RIPK3 inhibitors or butylated hydroxyanisole. Ripoptosome-mediated caspase-8 activation was assessed by immunoprecipitation. NF-κB activation in human IBD correlated with appearance of cleaved caspase-3. Congruently, unlike normal mouse IECs that are TNF-resistant, IECs in Ikkβ(EE) IEC mice and enteroids were susceptible to TNF-dependent apoptosis, which depended on the protein kinase function of RIPK1. Constitutively active IKKβ facilitated ripoptosome formation, a RIPK1 signaling complex that mediates caspase-8 activation by TNF. Butylated hydroxyanisole treatment and RIPK1 inhibitors attenuated TNF-induced and ripoptosome-mediated caspase-8 activation and IEC death in vitro and in vivo. Contrary to common expectations, chronic NF-κB activation induced intestinal crypt apoptosis after TNF stimulation, resulting in severe mucosal erosion. RIPK1 kinase inhibitors selectively inhibited TNF destructive properties while preserving its survival and proliferative properties, which do not require RIPK1 kinase activity. RIPK1 kinase inhibition could be a potential treatment for IBD

Análisis del repertorio de receptores de células NK en la infección por citomegalovirus humano

Los objetivos de este trabajo han sido estudiar la expresión de receptores de células NK (NKR), en particular CD94/NKG2C, en relación con la infección por citomegalovirus humano (HCMV). Los resultados descritos constituyen la primera evidencia de que la infección por HCMV modifica el repertorio de NKR. El incremento en la proporción de células CD94/NKG2C+ en donantes seropositivos para HCMV sugiere que participan en la respuesta al patógeno. El receptor CD94/NKG2C no sólo estimula las funciones efectoras y la proliferación de las células NK, sino que también activa a una subpoblación minoritaria de células T CD8+. El estudio de la expansión in vitro de la subpoblación NK CD94/NKG2C+ tras la interacción con fibroblastos infectados por el HCMV, sugiere que el propio receptor está implicado en la proliferación.The main goals of this work have been to study the influence of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection on the NK cell receptor (NKR) repertoire, mainly on the CD94/NKG2C receptor. Our observations provide a first evidence indicating that human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) may selectively shape the NKR repertoire. The increased proportions of NKG2C+ cells in HCMV-seropositive donors suggest a role in the response against the virus. The CD94/NKG2C receptor triggers the effector functions and proliferation not only in NK cells but also in a subset of CD8+ T lymphocytes. The stimulation of PBL from HCMV+ donors with virus-infected fibroblasts elicited a preferential expansion of CD94/NKG2C+ NK cells; studies carried out in this experimental system suggest that the receptor is involved in driving the proliferation

Design of an anti-inflammatory diet (ITIS diet) for patients with rheumatoid arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic systemic autoimmune disease that affects synovial joints, leading to inflammation, joint destruction, loss of function, and disability. Although recent pharmaceutical advances have improved treatment of RA, patients with RA often inquire about dietary interventions to improve RA symptoms, as they perceive rapid changes in their symptoms after consumption of certain foods. There is evidence that some ingredients have pro- or anti-inflammatory effects. In addition, recent literature has shown a link between diet and microbiome changes. Both diet and the gut microbiome are linked to circulating metabolites that may modulate inflammation. However, evidence of the effects of an anti-inflammatory and probiotic-rich diet in patients with RA is scarce. There is also a need for biological data to support its anti-inflammatory effects. The main goal of this study is to delineate the design process for a diet tailored to our RA population. To achieve this goal, we collected information on diet, supplements, cooking methods, and intake of different ingredients for each patient. Different groups were interviewed, and their feedback was assessed to design a diet that incorporates suggested anti-inflammatory ingredients in a manner that was easy for patients to adopt based on their lifestyles and backgrounds. We designed a diet that includes a high intake of potential anti-inflammatory ingredients. Feedback from highly motivated patients was critical in constructing an anti-inflammatory diet (ITIS diet) with elevated adherence. In order to tailor our diet, we surveyed our patients on several different parameters. We obtained important feedback on how feasible our ITIS diet is for RA patients. Using this feedback, we made minor improvements and finalized the design of the ITIS diet. This diet is being used in an on-going pilot study to determine their anti-inflammatory effect in pain and joint swelling in RA patients. Not applicable