Postharvest control of Rhizopus stolonifer on blackberry (Rubus fruticosus) by blackberry native crop bacteria

The potential of four native bacterial strains of blackberries cv. Brazos (Rubus fruticosus): Bacillus subtilis (BSS), Bacillus subtilis (BSL), Bacillus licheniformis (BLI) and Leifsonia aquatica (LAQ), was evaluated for the postharvest control of soft rot caused by Rhizopus stolonifer in blackberry fruits. The fruits were treated with cell suspensions (CS) and cell-free supernatants (CFE) from each bacterial strain and were infected with two strains of R. stolonifer (RSA and RSC). The severity and inhibition percentage of the disease were determined. Additionally, the inhibition by siderophores and the inhibition percentage of R. stolonifer spore germination were analyzed as possible control mechanisms. The CS of BSS inhibited RSA by 45.8%, followed by CFE of LAQ which controlled the same strain by 39.7%. The CS of BLI inhibited RSC by 37.7%, whereas the CFE of BSS and LAQ controlled it by 47.7 and 41.8%, respectively. All bacterial strains inhibited RSA and RSC by siderophores production (38.7 to 48.6 %) and the inhibition of spore germination of RSC was higher than 93% after 48 h. This work is one of the first to report R. stolonifer control by native bacteria CS and CFE, particularly LAQ in postharvested blackberry fruits. These results show the combination of mechanisms used by bacteria to control both R. stolonifer strains.The potential of four native bacterial strains of blackberries cv. Brazos (Rubus fruticosus): Bacillus subtilis (BSS), Bacillus subtilis (BSL), Bacillus licheniformis (BLI) and Leifsonia aquatica (LAQ), was evaluated for the postharvest control of soft rot caused by Rhizopus stolonifer in blackberry fruits. The fruits were treated with cell suspensions (CS) and cell-free supernatants (CFE) from each bacterial strain and were infected with two strains of R. stolonifer (RSA and RSC). The severity and inhibition percentage of the disease were determined. Additionally, the inhibition by siderophores and the inhibition percentage of R. stolonifer spore germination were analyzed as possible control mechanisms. The CS of BSS inhibited RSA by 45.8%, followed by CFE of LAQ which controlled the same strain by 39.7%. The CS of BLI inhibited RSC by 37.7%, whereas the CFE of BSS and LAQ controlled it by 47.7 and 41.8%, respectively. All bacterial strains inhibited RSA and RSC by siderophores production (38.7 to 48.6 %) and the inhibition of spore germination of RSC was higher than 93% after 48 h. This work is one of the first to report R. stolonifer control by native bacteria CS and CFE, particularly LAQ in postharvested blackberry fruits. These results show the combination of mechanisms used by bacteria to control both R. stolonifer strains

Inducción de resistencia en jitomate (solanum lycopersicum l) con extractos de bacterias patógenas

Tesis (Maestría en Ciencias en Producción Agrícola Sustentable), Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CIIDIR, Unidad Michoacán, 2008, 1 archivo PDF, (53 páginas). tesis.ipn.m

Comparative Metabolomic Fingerprinting Analysis of Tomato Fruits from <em>Physalis</em> Species in Mexico’s Balsas Basin

This study investigated the chemical and sensory distinctions in tomato fruits from three Physalis species (P. ixocarpa, P. angulata, and P. philadelphica) found in Michoacán, Mexico, using metabolomic fingerprinting through GC-MS analysis. The objective was to identify organoleptic differences that could influence consumer preferences, highlighting the significance of these species’ unique traits. These species represented a valuable genetic reservoir for potential hybridization or selection aimed at enhancing commercial varieties by focusing on organoleptic properties rather than traditional selection criteria like fruit size or yield. This research emphasizes the importance of preserving Mexican biodiversity and providing insights into domestication processes that prioritize flavor and sensory qualities. By analyzing metabolite profiles and their correlation with taste preferences, this study contributes to understanding how these differences could be leveraged in breeding programs to develop new tomato varieties with preferred flavors. It was suggested that variations in taste among the species are mainly due to differences in metabolite expression. This knowledge underscores the importance of organoleptic properties in the selection and domestication of edible fruits, offering a pathway toward the conservation and enhancement of tomato varieties through the exploitation of genetic diversity for organoleptic improvement

Diversity and Potential Function of the Bacterial Rhizobiome Associated to <i>Physalis Ixocarpa</i> Broth. in a Milpa System, in Michoacan, Mexico

Michoacan state has a long history in plant domestication’s. Physalis ixocarpa is a native plant that growth associated to maize crops from this region. Due to the domestication process includes the adaptation to environmental factors, we ask if (1) Does P. ixocarpa has the capacity of association with bacterial communities of the zone where it was domesticated? and (2) Does the rhizobiome of this plant can increase the potential functions in the soil? An experiment was established in a traditional milpa system. Samples of rhizobiome from corn, P. ixocarpa, P. philadelphica, and soil were sequenced using Next Generation Sequencing in the region 16S. The potential function, metabolic pathway reconstruction and participation of each bacteria genus was inferred using iVikodak platform. A total of 34 Phyla and 795 genera were identified. Purine metabolism’s was the principal function, where all rhizobiomes showed similar metabolic pathways. However, the difference among plant species is the participation of the distinct genera in the Purine metabolism. We conclude that the rhizobiome of P. ixocarpa maintains the capacity of bacterial association in the region and shows complementarity for the soil functions. Therefore, their utilization can be helpful in zones where the agricultural practices have degraded microbiological soil conditions

Diversity and Potential Function of the Bacterial Rhizobiome Associated to Physalis Ixocarpa Broth. in a Milpa System, in Michoacan, Mexico

Michoacan state has a long history in plant domestication&rsquo;s. Physalis ixocarpa is a native plant that growth associated to maize crops from this region. Due to the domestication process includes the adaptation to environmental factors, we ask if (1) Does P. ixocarpa has the capacity of association with bacterial communities of the zone where it was domesticated? and (2) Does the rhizobiome of this plant can increase the potential functions in the soil? An experiment was established in a traditional milpa system. Samples of rhizobiome from corn, P. ixocarpa, P. philadelphica, and soil were sequenced using Next Generation Sequencing in the region 16S. The potential function, metabolic pathway reconstruction and participation of each bacteria genus was inferred using iVikodak platform. A total of 34 Phyla and 795 genera were identified. Purine metabolism&rsquo;s was the principal function, where all rhizobiomes showed similar metabolic pathways. However, the difference among plant species is the participation of the distinct genera in the Purine metabolism. We conclude that the rhizobiome of P. ixocarpa maintains the capacity of bacterial association in the region and shows complementarity for the soil functions. Therefore, their utilization can be helpful in zones where the agricultural practices have degraded microbiological soil conditions

Nutritional Enhancement of Polimaize Lines: Integrating Native Mexican Maize Alleles into High-Yield Varieties

In this study, we evaluated Polimaize lines, named Polimaize, through the integration of alleles from the Native Blue Corn (NBC-JIQ), a local Mexican maize variety indigenous to the northeast region of Michoacán, Mexico, into elite maize lines curated by the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT). This crossbreeding aimed to enhance the nutritional profile of maize, particularly in terms of antioxidants and anthocyanins, which are scarce in elite lines. Our results demonstrated a significant increase in these compounds in the Polimaize lines, with variations due to heterosis. Despite these nutritional improvements, some traits showed decreased concentrations compared to parent lines, notably in sucrose and tryptophan, suggesting a potential trade-off. The study also found significant heritability in amino acids and tryptophan, while hexose sugars showed no substantial heritability. The Polimaize variety exhibited high starch content heritability, comparable to elite lines. Field trials confirmed Polimaize’s promising yield and agronomic traits, highlighting its potential for enhancing consumer health and contributing to sustainable agriculture through enriched crop nutritional quality. This project underscores the value of integrating local race alleles into elite lines, offering genetic diversity in maize cultivation

Efecto de hongos micorrícicos arbusculares y extracto acuoso de vermicompost sobre calidad de fresa

La aplicación de hongos micorrícicos arbusculares (HMA) y vermicompost constituye una alternativa al uso de agroquímicos para garantizar el rendimiento y calidad de los cultivos, disminuyendo el costo y el deterioro del medio ambiente. En el presente trabajo se evaluó el efecto de HMA y extracto acuoso de vermicompost (VL) sobre la calidad de frutos de fresa. Los tratamientos fueron: 1) control absoluto con agua (CTL); 2) fertilizado (F); 3) inoculado con HMA (M); 4) con vermicompost líquido (VL); 5) inoculado con HMA y fertilizado (M+F); 6) fertilizado y con vermicompost líquido (VL+F); 7) inoculado con HMA, y con vermicompost líquido; 8) inoculado con HMA, fertilizado y con vermicompost líquido (M+F+VL). Los parámetros evaluados fueron: color, peso, diámetro polar, diámetro ecuatorial, firmeza, ºBrix, análisis proximal, contenido de fenoles, flavonoides y antocianinas. Los tratamientos VL y M promovieron un peso de fruto significativamente mayor al de los frutos del tratamiento fertilizado (39%). En general los tratamientos con HMA incrementaron el % de ceniza, excepto cuando estos se combinaron con fertilizante. El tratamiento M promovió un aumento significativo del % de ceniza en los frutos de fresa en comparación con el tratamiento F (3.7% mayor). Los tratamientos con HMA y VL (solos o combinados) incrementaron el % de grasa de los frutos respecto al tratamiento F. No se encontraron efectos significativos de los tratamientos sobre el % de fibra cruda. Los frutos de plantas tratadas con VL+F fueron significativamente más firmes (20%) que los frutos del tratamiento F. Se observó que los frutos del tratamiento M+F presentaron los mayores valores de °Brix (14% más altos que en frutos del tratamiento F). Interesantemente, los frutos obtenidos de las plantas tratadas con VL y M+F presentaron un contenido de fenoles totales significativamente superior al de los frutos del tratamiento F (29 y 17%, respectivamente). En general, los tratamientos con HMA y VL promovieron la acumulación de flavonoides. Los frutos del tratamiento M presentaron un contenido significativamente mayor de estos pigmentos (1.8 veces) que los frutos del tratamiento F. El mayor contenido de antocianinas lo presentaron los frutos del tratamiento M+VL siendo 38% mayor que el contenido de estos pigmentos en frutos del tratamiento F. Los resultados demostraron que la aplicación de HMA y VL influencia significativamente atributos sensoriales y nutracéuticos de los frutos de fresa

Antagonismo in vitro de aislados bacterianos de fresa comercial y silvestre vs. Botrytis cinerea y Rhizopus stolonifer

La fresa es una fruta no climatérica, con una vida postcosecha muy corta. La pérdida de calidad del fruto puede deberse, entre otros factores a daños ocasionados por fitopatógenos. Entre los más comunes se encuentran los hongos causantes del moho gris (Botrytis cinerea), y podredumbre blanca (Rhizopus stolonifer) dos fitopatógenos de gran impacto por su velocidad de crecimiento la cual les permite colonizar la superficie de los mismos ocasionado importantes pérdidas económicas. Una alternativa para el control de los daños por patógenos en frutos postcosecha es el uso de antagonistas microbianos que pueden estar presentes en la planta o el fruto pero en densidades bajas. En este estudio se aislaron bacterias de tejido foliar y frutos de fresa silvestre (Duchesnea indica Andr. Fock) y comercial. Se seleccionaron aquellos aislados que presentaron los mayores porcentajes de inhibición del crecimiento micelial de ambos fitopatógenos in vitro. Se aislaron un total de 32 cepas de las cuales 15 provinieron de fresa silvestre y 24 de fresa comercial. Se obtuvieron solo nueve cepas con potencial biocontrolador para uno o ambos patógenos. Los mayores porcentajes de inhibición del crecimiento micelial oscilaron entre 67.1% y 81.7% para Botrytis cinerea y 45.5% a 73.2% para Rhizopus stolonifer. Estos fueron obtenidos por cuatro aislados dos obtenidos de fresa silvestre y dos de comercial, todos ellos con capacidad para controlar a ambos fitopatógenos

Shelf Life of Blackberry Fruits (<i>Rubus fruticosus</i>) with Edible Coatings Based on Candelilla Wax and Guar Gum

Blackberries are very perishable with a limited shelf life due to a high metabolic activity and susceptibility to mechanical damage and microbial attack. The effect of edible coatings (EC) based on candelilla wax (CW) and guar gum (GG) on the quality, shelf life, bioactive-compounds content and antioxidant activity of blackberries stored at 25 ± 2 °C for 6 days, was evaluated. All EC contained GG (0.4%) and gallic acid (GA)(0.06%); EC1 contained CW (0.2%), glycerol (GL)(0.2%); EC2 contained CW (0.4%) and GL (0.2%); EC3 contained CW (0.2%) and GL (0.3%) and EC4 contained CW (0.4%) and GL (0.3%). The decay percentage (Decay%), physiological weight loss (%PWL), firmness, pH, total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), total phenolic content (TPC), total anthocyanin content (TAC) and antioxidant activity were analyzed. EC3 showed potential for prolonging the shelf life of blackberry by reducing Decay% (47%) and %PWL (64%) on day 6, while 86% of uncoated blackberries were decayed on day 4. Fruit coated with EC3 maintained pH, gradually reduced firmness, increased the TSS and decreased the TA. In addition, EC3 maintained the TAC and decreased the TPC in blackberries, while preventing a rapid increase in antioxidant capacity. Thus, EC3 showed to be a promising alternative in prolonging shelf life and preserving the quality of blackberries

Shelf Life of Blackberry Fruits (Rubus fruticosus) with Edible Coatings Based on Candelilla Wax and Guar Gum

Blackberries are very perishable with a limited shelf life due to a high metabolic activity and susceptibility to mechanical damage and microbial attack. The effect of edible coatings (EC) based on candelilla wax (CW) and guar gum (GG) on the quality, shelf life, bioactive-compounds content and antioxidant activity of blackberries stored at 25 &plusmn; 2 &deg;C for 6 days, was evaluated. All EC contained GG (0.4%) and gallic acid (GA)(0.06%); EC1 contained CW (0.2%), glycerol (GL)(0.2%); EC2 contained CW (0.4%) and GL (0.2%); EC3 contained CW (0.2%) and GL (0.3%) and EC4 contained CW (0.4%) and GL (0.3%). The decay percentage (Decay%), physiological weight loss (%PWL), firmness, pH, total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), total phenolic content (TPC), total anthocyanin content (TAC) and antioxidant activity were analyzed. EC3 showed potential for prolonging the shelf life of blackberry by reducing Decay% (47%) and %PWL (64%) on day 6, while 86% of uncoated blackberries were decayed on day 4. Fruit coated with EC3 maintained pH, gradually reduced firmness, increased the TSS and decreased the TA. In addition, EC3 maintained the TAC and decreased the TPC in blackberries, while preventing a rapid increase in antioxidant capacity. Thus, EC3 showed to be a promising alternative in prolonging shelf life and preserving the quality of blackberries