Scope and limitations of a DMF bio-alternative within Sonogashira cross-coupling and Cacchi-type annulation

Pd-catalysed C-C bond formation is an essential tool within the pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries. Many of these reactions rely heavily on polar aprotic solvents; however, despite their utility, these solvents are incompatible with the drive towards more sustainable chemical synthesis. Herein, we describe the scope and limitations of an alternative to DMF derived from renewable sources (CyreneTM) in Sonogashira crosscoupling and Cacchi-type annulations

Los efectivos del último ejército de la Persia Sasánida (572-642). Una solución desde las fuentes

The question of the number of troops that existed in the Sassanids’ armies during the 6th and 7th century has received various answers. Answers that, paradoxically, have not taken into account the specific and multiple information that provide the sources of this period. From our side in this paper, we address this question taking into account all the sources, whether these are Byzantine, Oriental, Persian or Perso-Islamic, and we try to show that the careful study of the data and the critical comparison permits us to evaluate with extreme precision the military power of the Sassanian Persia and to establish a comparative basis to shed new light on the late conflicts between Sassanid Persia and the Justinian’s or Heraclius’ Byzantium as well as those with the Arab armies of early Islam.<br><br>La cuestión del número de efectivos con que contaron los ejércitos sasánidas de los siglos VI y VII ha recibido diferentes respuestas. Respuestas que, paradójicamente, no han tenido en cuenta las precisas y múltiples informaciones que al respecto proporcionan las fuentes del periodo. Por nuestra parte y en este trabajo, abordamos dicha cuestión teniendo en cuenta la totalidad de las fuentes, ya sean estas bizantinas, orientales, persas o persoislámicas y tratamos de mostrar que el atento estudio de los datos y su confrontación crítica, permite evaluar con suma precisión el poderío militar de la Persia sasánida y establecer así una base comparativa que arroje nueva luz sobre los últimos conflictos de la Persia sasánida con el Bizancio Justinianeo y Heraclida y con los ejércitos árabes del primer Islam

Scope and limitations of a DMF bio-alternative within Sonogashira cross-coupling and Cacchi-type annulation

We thank the University of Strathclyde for a PhD studentship (KLW), Sigma-Aldrich for financial and material support, Circa for Cyrene, and the EPSRC UK National Mass Spectrometry Facility at Swansea University for analyses.Pd-catalysed C-C bond formation is an essential tool within the pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries. Many of these reactions rely heavily on polar aprotic solvents; however, despite their utility, these solvents are incompatible with the drive towards more sustainable chemical synthesis. Herein, we describe the scope and limitations of an alternative to DMF derived from renewable sources (CyreneTM) in Sonogashira crosscoupling and Cacchi-type annulations.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Scope and limitations of a DMF bio-alternative within Sonogashira cross-coupling and Cacchi-type annulation

Pd-catalysed C-C bond formation is an essential tool within the pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries. Many of these reactions rely heavily on polar aprotic solvents; however, despite their utility, these solvents are incompatible with the drive towards more sustainable chemical synthesis. Herein, we describe the scope and limitations of an alternative to DMF derived from renewable sources (CyreneTM) in Sonogashira crosscoupling and Cacchi-type annulations

International clinical placement – Experiences of nursing students’ cultural, personal and professional development; a qualitative study

The purpose was to capture the experiences of cultural, personal and professional development during International Clinical Placement (ICP) among nursing students from three European countries. The paper presents findings based on the analysis of 23 reflections written by students immediately after returning from their ICP. The design builds on a qualitative study using a phenomenological approach and meaning condensation inspired by Kirsti Malterud. The analysis revealed four themes: Communication and barriers to be overcome, Culture as a serious business, Personal and professional achievements and Challenges and the importance of preceptorship. The ICP impacted on the participants’ personal as well as professional way of understanding themselves as students and future nurses. A profound difference was seen between the achieved learning outcomes of participants completing an ICP in a high- or low–income country, respectively. Language barriers, the local culture and different nursing cultures were often challenging and pushed participants out of their comfort zone. All participants developed their cultural understanding in accordance with the Papadopoulos, Tilki and Taylor Model for Developing Cultural Competence. Findings indicate that educational institutions should establish well-planned exchange opportunities that adopt a two-way reciprocal (Erasmus) exchange programmes and be aware of the value of an appointed preceptor in the host country