Probiotici i lekovito bilje u uzgoju šarana (cyprinus carpio l.) u zemljanim bazenima - uticaj na prirast ribe, zdravlje i proizvodne rezultate

The aim of the paper is to present the results of feeding carp with traditional grain diet (triticale + wheat) supplemented with probiotics and/or herbs. As probiotics, the EmFarma concentrate, provided by ProBiotics Polska, Poland,was used. This preparation contains consortia of the following microbial bacteria and fungi: Bifidobacterium animalis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium longum, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus delbrueckii, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactococcus diacetylactis, Lactococcus lactis, Streptococcus thermophilus, Bacillus subtilis var natto, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Rhodopseudomonas palustris. The concentrate of probiotic microorganisms was added to the ground corn in an amount of 2 liters of preparation per 1 ton of feed. Prior to adding to the feedstuff, the probiotics were diluted in water. The amount of added water was approximately 10% of feed weight. After mixing probiotics with corn, the feed was left for two hours for swelling. The composition of herbs consisted of powdered Terminalia chebula, Phyllantus emblica, Andrographis paniculata, Tinospora cordifolia and Boerhaavia difusa. The herbal preparation was obtained from the Farmwet company, Poland. The blend of herbs was added in the amount of 3 kg per ton of ground corn feed. The powdered herbs were mixed with grinded corn, moistened with water amounting to approximately 10% of feed dose and left for two hours for swelling. Six feeding groups were examined: - I - natural food only (control group) - II - ground mix of corn - III - ground mix of corn supplemented with probiotics - IV - ground mix of corn supplemented with herbs - V - ground mix of corn supplemented with probiotics and herb - VI - pelleted feed Aller Aqua (referential group) Experimental diets were used for feeding carp fingerlings (C1), two-year restocking material (C2) and consumable carps (C3). Stocking densities of carp, were as follows: - for C1– 20000 ind./ha - for C2– 5000 ind./ha - for C3–1500 ind./ha The following parameters were measured and analyzed: - final body mass (g/ind.) - yield (kg/ha) - survival rate (S) - FCR (kg) - Fulton’s coefficient (F) - number of parasites (Trichodina–Trich., Chilodonella–Chil., Epistylis–Epist., Costia,) - level of lisozyme (mg/l) - level of gamma globulins (g/l)Cilj ovog rada je da prikaže rezultate ishrane šarana tradicionalnom smešom žitarica (tritikale + pšenica) sa dodatkom probiotika i/ili lekovitog bilja. Kao probiotik korišćen je koncentrat EmFarma, koji je obezbedio "ProBiotics Polska" iz Poljske. Ova smesa sadrži skup sledećih mikroorganizama, bakterija i gljivica: Bifidobacterium animalis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium longum, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus delbrueckii, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactococcus diacetylactis, Lactococcus lactis, Streptococcus thermophilus, Bacillus subtilis var natto, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Rhodopseudomonas palustris. Koncentrat probiotskih mikroorganizama dodat je u mleveni kukuruz u količini od 2 litra preparata na 1 tonu hraniva. Pre dodavanja hranivima probiotski preparat je razređen u vodi. Količina dodate vode bila je oko 10% od težine hrane. Posle mešanja probiotika sa kukuruzom, hranivo je ostavljeno dva sata da nabubri. Lekovito bilje sastojalo se od praha Terminalia chebula, Phyllantus emblica, Andrographis paniculata, Tinospora cordifolia i Boerhaavia difusa. Biljni preparat dobijen je od kompanije Farmwet iz Poljske. Mešavina bilja dodata je u količini od 3 kg na tonu kukuruzne prekrupe. Bilje u prahu pomešano je sa prekrupom, zatim navlaženo vodom u količini od oko 10% od doze hrane i ostavljeno dva sata da nabubri. Ispitivanje je vršeno na šest hranidbenih grupa: - I - samo prirodna hrana (kontrolna grupa) - II - smeša sa kukuruznom prekrupom - III - smeša sa kukuruznom prekrupom obogaćena probioticima - IV - smeša sa kukuruznom prekrupom obogaćena lekovitim biljem - V - smeša sa kukuruznom prekrupom obogaćena probioticima i lekovitim biljem - VI - peletirana hrana Aller Aqua (referentna grupa) Eksperimentalne smeše korišćene su za ishranu šaranske mlađi (C1), dvogodišnjaka za dalji uzgoj (C2) i konzumnih šarana (C3). Gustine nasada šarana bile su sledeće: - za C1– 20000 jedinki/ha - za C2– 5000 jedinki/ha - za C3–1500 jedinki/ha Sledeći parametri su mereni i analizirani: - završna telesna masa (g/jedinka) - prinos (kg/ha) - stopa preživljavanja (S) - stopa konverzije hrane, FCR (kg) - Fultonov koeficijent (F) - broj parazita (Trichodina–Trich., Chilodonella–Chil., Epistylis–Epist., Costia,) - nivo lizozima (mg/l) - nivo gama globulina (g/l

Thus far but no further: predatory mites do not migrate effectively into strawberry plantations

Enhancing the performance of predatory mites is often regarded as the best biological control approach towards the spider mite Tetranychus urticae, the main pest of strawberry plantations. Optimizing the colonization of plantations by predators from adjacent areas such as field margins is seen as an important component of conservation biocontrol. We have investigated the factors contributing to enhancing the numbers of predatory mites (Acari: Phytoseidae), such as management of the field margins, vegetation composition and the effect of the presence of woody species. We also tested the penetration of the phy-toseiids from the field margins into the crop. In a study carried out in 14 open-field exten-sively managed strawberry plantations in Poland we found phytoseiids to be abundant in field margins; 14 taxa were discovered. However, only two species Amblyseius andersoniand Euseius finlandicus dispersed a modest distance into the crop. We found that the diver-sity and densities of the predatory mites were enhanced somewhat by the management type of the field margins; especially the spontaneous vegetation favoured the presence of phyto-seiids. However, despite the predatory mites being rather retained in the field margins also significant reduction in numbers of their prey T. urticae was recorded over the course of the year. The low penetration of predatory mites into the main part of the field, indicates that conservation biological control measures in the field margin might not be sufficient on their own to enhance the impact of predatory mites within the main part of the fields

Data visualization in yield component analysis: an expert study

Even though data visualization is a common analytical tool in numerous disciplines, it has rarely been used in agricultural sciences, particularly in agronomy. In this paper, we discuss a study on employing data visualization to analyze a multiplicative model. This model is often used by agronomists, for example in the so-called yield component analysis. The multiplicative model in agronomy is normally analyzed by statistical or related methods. In practice, unfortunately, usefulness of these methods is limited since they help to answer only a few questions, not allowing for a complex view of the phenomena studied. We believe that data visualization could be used for such complex analysis and presentation of the multiplicative model. To that end, we conducted an expert survey. It showed that visualization methods could indeed be useful for analysis and presentation of the multiplicative model

Effect of canopy density of spring rapeseed on the weight of seeds per plant and the elements of yield structure

W latach 2002-2003 na Kolekcji Roślin Rolniczych (52°9’ N; 21°2’ E) Katedry Agronomii Szkoły Głównej Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego w Warszawie przeprowadzono ścisłe, jednoczynnikowe doświadczenia polowe z rzepakiem jarym odmiany Licosmos. Celem badań była analiza plonowania roślin rzepaku zależnie od zróżnicowanego zagęszczenia łanu, tj. 40, 60 i 80 roślin·m-2. Pomiary obejmowały ocenę masy nasion z rośliny oraz elementów jego struktury, tj. liczby łuszczyn na roślinie, liczby nasion w łuszczynie oraz masy 1000 nasion. Pomiary wykonano na 10 kolejnych roślinach z losowo wybranego rzędu w czterech powtórzeniach, z uwzględnieniem oddzielnie pędu głównego oraz rozgałęzień I i II rzędu. Zagęszczenie łanu w zakresie od 40 do 80 roślin·m-2 wyraźnie różnicowało masę nasion z rośliny, co wskazuje na duże zdolności przystosowawcze roślin rzepaku jarego do zróżnicowanej obsady. Większa masa nasion z roślin rosnących w mniejszym zagęszczeniu była przede wszystkim wynikiem wzrostu liczby łuszczyn na roślinie. Pozostałe elementy struktury plonu, tj. liczba nasion w łuszczynie i masa 1000 nasion, okazały się bardziej stabilne i w niewielkim stopniu zależne od zagęszczenia roślin na jednostce powierzchni.A strict, one-factorial field experiment with spring rapeseed cv. Licosmos was conducted at the Agricultural Plant Collection (52°9' N; 21°2' E) of Agronomy Department (Warsaw University of Life Sciences) in the years 2002-2003. The aim of the study was to give a detailed analysis of plant yielding depending on different number of plants per 1 m2, i.e. 40, 60 and 80 plants·m-2. Measurements taken covered the evaluation of seed weight per plant and elements of yield structure, i.e. number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod and thousand seed weight. The measurements were taken from single plants from a randomly selected row in four replications, separately on the main stem and primary and secondary branches. Number of plants per 1 m2 within the range 40-80 plants·m-2 significantly differentiated seed weight per individual plant, which indicates the strong adaptability of spring oilseed rape plants to different canopy densities. Larger seed weight per plant was observed at a smaller number of plants per 1 m2, which resulted mainly from a higher number of pods. Other elements of yield structure, i.e. number of seeds per pod and thousand seed weight, turned out to be more stable and only to a slight degree dependent on the canopy density