A generic algorithm to automatically classify urban fabric according to the local climate zone system: implementation in GeoClimate 0.0.1 and application to French cities

Geographical features may have a considerable effect on local climate. The local climate zone (LCZ) system proposed by Stewart and Oke (2012) is nowadays seen as a standard approach for classifying any zone according to a set of urban canopy parameters. While many methods already exist to map the LCZ, only few tools are openly and freely available. This paper presents the algorithm implemented in the GeoClimate software to identify the LCZ of any place in the world based on vector data. Six types of information are needed as input: the building footprint, road and rail networks, water, vegetation, and impervious surfaces. First, the territory is partitioned into reference spatial units (RSUs) using the road and rail network, as well as the boundaries of large vegetation and water patches. Then 14 urban canopy parameters are calculated for each RSU. Their values are used to classify each unit to a given LCZ type according to a set of rules. GeoClimate can automatically prepare the inputs and calculate the LCZ for two datasets, namely OpenStreetMap (OSM, available worldwide) and the BD TOPO® v2.2 (BDT, a French dataset produced by the national mapping agency). The LCZ are calculated for 22 French communes using these two datasets in order to evaluate the effect of the dataset on the results. About 55 % of all areas have obtained the same LCZ type, with large differences when differentiating this result by city (from 30 % to 82 %). The agreement is good for large patches of forest and water, as well as for compact mid-rise and open low-rise LCZ types. It is lower for open mid-rise and open high-rise, mainly due to the height underestimation of OSM buildings located in open areas. Through its simplicity of use, GeoClimate has great potential for new collaboration in the LCZ field. The software (and its source code) used to produce the LCZ data is freely available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6372337 (Bocher et al., 2022); the scripts and data used for the purpose of this article can be freely accessed at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7687911 (Bernard et al., 2023) and are based on the R package available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7646866 (Gousseff, 2023).</p

Quizz en Infectiologie

National audienc

Buruli ulcer acquired in Mali: A rare and atypical situation

International audienc

Facteurs de variation de la composition du lait à la Réunion

National audienceIn order to characterise the incidence of livestock farming practices and rations distributed to the animals on milk quality, surveys and feeding controls were carried out quarterly on twenty-nine dairy farms during 14 months (2002-2003). Herds milk samples were collected and analysed for chemical composition (fat, protein, urea, lactose, and mineral contents) and for hygienic quality (total bacteria, butyric spore and somatic cell counts). The 116 milk sample data were analysed to build a five-class milk quality typology. This typology was then confronted to the management practices. The main factors influencing the variability of herd milk were the season, and the level and nature of feeding. The milks highest in fat and proteins contents were produced in the winter, particularly when the animals were fed temperate forages. Regarding hygienic quality, the best results were obtained in the winter and spring, in areas with low rainfall. None of the five milk classes combined on a same period high fat and protein contents, and low levels of butyric spore and somatic cell counts. An important margin of progress in mastering these main quality parameters appeared. This could be realised by adapting feeding practices and/or herd management techniques that were identified in the study.Vingt-neuf élevages laitiers de la Réunion ont été suivis pendant 14 mois au cours des années 2002 et 2003. Des enquêtes et des contrôles d’alimentation ont été réalisés tous les trimestres pour caractériser les pratiques d’élevage et les rations distribuées. Sur des prélèvements de lait de troupeaux effectués tous les mois, des analyses de composition chimique (matières grasses, protéines, urée, lactose, minéraux,…) et de qualité hygiénique (germes totaux, cellules, spores butyriques) ont été réalisées. Au total 116 échantillons de lait correspondants à 4 passages ont été retenus pour construire une typologie des laits en 5 classes. Cette typologie a ensuite été analysée en fonction des pratiques d’élevage correspondantes. Les principaux facteurs de variation des caractéristiques des laits de troupeaux sont la saison, le niveau et la nature des apports alimentaires. Les laits les plus riches en matières utiles sont produits en hiver, essentiellement avec des rations à base de fourrages tempérés. Pour la qualité hygiénique, les meilleurs résultats sont obtenus en hiver et au printemps, dans les zones à faible pluviométrie. Aucune classe ne combine à la fois des laits riches en matières utiles, à faibles contaminations en spores butyriques et à faible numération cellulaire. Il existe donc une marge de progrès importante dans ces trois domaines, via des pratiques d’alimentation et/ou de conduite des animaux qui ont été identifiées dans cette étude

Current profile and management of gonococcal infections: A population-based study in Western France

International audienceObjective: To characterize the current profile of gonococcal infections in France, and to describe their management. Patients and method: A population-based retrospective study of all gonococcal infections documented by PCR in two French departments (Île-et-Vilaine, Morbihan), in 2014–2016. Cases were identified through hospital databases and the Rénago sentinel network. Results: We enrolled 245 patients (96 females, 149 males), with a median age of 25 years [interquartile range, 21–33]. The incidence rate was estimated at 4.54 per 100,000 inhabitants-year. Cases were diagnosed mostly by a general practitioner (n = 122, 49.8%) or a gynecologist (n = 45, 18.4%). The main clinical presentations included urethritis (n = 59), pelvic inflammatory disease (n = 40), cervicitis (n = 12), and anorectitis (n = 11). The main coinfections were Chlamydia trachomatis (n = 40) and HIV (n = 8). Ceftriaxone MIC was ≤ 0.12 mg/L in 146/147 patients with positive culture. Treatment was appropriate in 52/74 (70.2%) patients with available data. Conclusions: In France, general practitioners are at the front line in management of gonococcal infections. © 2020 Elsevier Masson SA

Non-HACEK gram-negative bacilli endocarditis: a multicentre retrospective case-control study

International audienceBACKGROUND: Infective endocarditis (IE) caused by non-HACEK gram-negative bacilli (GNB) is poorly characterised and may be emerging as a consequence of medical progress. METHODS: We performed an observational retrospective case-control study. Cases were non-HACEK GNB IE, definite or possible (modified Duke criteria), diagnosed in adults between 2007 and 2020 in six French referral hospitals. Two controls were included for each case (IE due to other bacteria, matched by sites and diagnosis date). RESULTS: Non-HACEK GNB were identified in 2.4% (77/3230) of all IE during the study period, with a mean age of 69.2 ± 14.6 years, and a large male predominance (53/77, 69%). Primary pathogens were Escherichia coli (n = 33), Klebsiella sp. (n = 12) and Serratia marcescens (n = 9), including eight (10%) multidrug-resistant GNB. Compared to controls (n = 154: 43% Streptococcus sp., 41% Staphylococcus sp. and 12% Enterococcus sp.), non-HACEK GNB IE were independently associated with intravenous drug use (IVDU, 8% vs. 2%, p = .003), active neoplasia (15% vs. 6%, p = .009), haemodialysis (9% vs. 3%, p = .007) and healthcare-associated IE (36% vs. 18%, p = .002). Urinary tract was the main source of infection (n = 25, 33%) and recent invasive procedures were reported in 29% of cases. Non-HACEK GNB IE were at lower risk of embolism (31% vs. 47%, p = .002). One-year mortality was high (n = 28, 36%). Comorbidities, particularly malignant hemopathy and cirrhosis, were associated with increased risk of death. CONCLUSIONS: Non-HACEK GNB are rarely responsible for IE, mostly as healthcare-associated IE in patients with complex comorbidities (end-stage renal disease, neoplasia), or in IVDUs