Agenda for Education in a Democracy

Words are fascinating. The frequency with which we use in conversation words of varied meanings without defining them both surprises and troubles me. “Education” is one of these. A very large percentage of people are thinking only of schooling in using the word, even though other components of our culture far exceed schooling in their educating. I have attended many “educational” conferences but recall only one session wherein education was defined and that definition discussed

Innovations in Fisheries Management: Community Based Management Initiatives in Shetland

Shetland is currently pioneering two innovations in fisheries management. The Shetland Regulating Order and the Community Fish Quota scheme are both certainly innovative, perhaps radical and may possibly become a model for other areas. The Shetland Islands are often described as remote, barren and peripheral. From a fisheries perspective, however, Shetland is rightly regarded as dynamic and innovative fisheries community of significant regional importance. Fish and fish products account for over 80% of all Shetland exports while some 20% of the work force are employed in the seafood industry. The first innovation in fisheries management is the Shetland Regulating Order, which has been established to better manage the shellfish industry. The second innovation is the ownership of fish quotas by the wider Shetland community. The fishermen of Shetland, through their two representative organisations (the Shetland Fishermen’s Association (SFA) and the Shetland Fish Producers Organisation Ltd (SFPO)) were responsible for initiating these two innovations and continue to play a central role in managing these developments

Bibbies, salinity and a question of balance

This book is designed to be used in conjunction with the manual \u27Salinity in the classroom\u27. Published with the assistance of Greening Australia Western Australia, Department of Conservation and Land Management, Department of Education Western Australia.https://researchlibrary.agric.wa.gov.au/books/1017/thumbnail.jp

Coexpression analysis of large cancer datasets provides insight into the cellular phenotypes of the tumour microenvironment

Background: Biopsies taken from individual tumours exhibit extensive differences in their cellular composition due to the inherent heterogeneity of cancers and vagaries of sample collection. As a result genes expressed in specific cell types, or associated with certain biological processes are detected at widely variable levels across samples in transcriptomic analyses. This heterogeneity also means that the level of expression of genes expressed specifically in a given cell type or process, will vary in line with the number of those cells within samples or activity of the pathway, and will therefore be correlated in their expression.Results: Using a novel 3D network-based approach we have analysed six large human cancer microarray datasets derived from more than 1,000 individuals. Based upon this analysis, and without needing to isolate the individual cells, we have defined a broad spectrum of cell-type and pathway-specific gene signatures present in cancer expression data which were also found to be largely conserved in a number of independent datasets.Conclusions: The conserved signature of the tumour-associated macrophage is shown to be largely-independent of tumour cell type. All stromal cell signatures have some degree of correlation with each other, since they must all be inversely correlated with the tumour component. However, viewed in the context of established tumours, the interactions between stromal components appear to be multifactorial given the level of one component e.g. vasculature, does not correlate tightly with another, such as the macrophage

Erdheim‐Chester disease in bone marrow

No abstract available

Employment Testing and Incentives to Learn

Employment tests predict job performance because they measure or are correlated with a large set of malleable developed abilities which are causally related to productivity. Our economy currently under-rewards the achievements that are measured by these tests. Consequently, economic incentives to study hard in high school are minimal and this absence of incentives has contributed to the low levels of achievement in math and science. The paper concludes with a discussion of ways in which employment tests can strengthen incentives to learn

Novel GPR34 and CCR6 mutation and distinct genetic profiles in MALT lymphomas of different sites.

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma originates from a background of diverse chronic inflammatory disorders at various anatomic sites. The genetics underlying its development, particularly in those associated with autoimmune disorders, is poorly characterized. By whole exome sequencing of 21 cases of MALT lymphomas of the salivary gland and thyroid, we have identified recurrent somatic mutations in 2 G-protein coupled receptors (GPR34 and CCR6) not previously reported in human malignancies, 3 genes (PIK3CD, TET2, TNFRSF14) not previously implicated in MALT lymphoma, and a further 2 genes (TBL1XR1, NOTCH1) recently described in MALT lymphoma. The majority of mutations in GPR34 and CCR6 were nonsense and frameshift changes clustered in the C-terminal cytoplasmic tail, and would result in truncated proteins that lack the phosphorylation motif important for β-arrestin-mediated receptor desensitization and internalization. Screening of these newly identified mutations, together with previously defined genetic changes, revealed distinct mutation profiles in MALT lymphoma of various sites, with those of salivary gland characterized by frequent TBL1XR1 and GPR34 mutations, thyroid by frequent TET2, TNFRSF14 and PIK3CD mutations, and ocular adnexa by frequent TNFAIP3 mutation. Interestingly, in MALT lymphoma of the salivary gland, there was a significant positive association between TBL1XR1 mutation and GPR34 mutation/translocation (P=0.0002). In those of ocular adnexa, TBL1XR1 mutation was mutually exclusive from TNFAIP3 mutation (P=0.049), but significantly associated with IGHV3-23 usage (P=0.03) and PIK3CD mutation (P=0.009). These findings unravel novel insights into the molecular mechanisms of MALT lymphoma and provide further evidence for potential oncogenic co-operation between receptor signaling and genetic changes.The research was supported by grants from Bloodwise (13006, 15002, 15019) UK, and Kay Kendal Leukaemia Fund (KKL582), UK. SM was initially supported by a PhD studentship from Medical Research Council, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge and Addenbrooke’s Charitable Trust

TLR4 signaling augments B lymphocyte migration and overcomes the restriction that limits access to germinal center dark zones

B lymphocyte–intrinsic Toll-like receptor (TLR) signals amplify humoral immunity and can exacerbate autoimmune diseases. We identify a new mechanism by which TLR signals may contribute to autoimmunity and chronic inflammation. We show that TLR4 signaling enhances B lymphocyte trafficking into lymph nodes (LNs), induces B lymphocyte clustering and interactions within LN follicles, leads to sustained in vivo B cell proliferation, overcomes the restriction that limits the access of nonantigen-activated B cells to germinal center dark zones, and enhances the generation of memory and plasma cells. Intravital microscopy and in vivo tracking studies of B cells transferred to recipient mice revealed that TLR4-activated, but not nonstimulated, B cells accumulated within the dark zones of preexisting germinal centers even when transferred with antigen-specific B cells. The TLR4-activated cells persist much better than nonstimulated cells, expanding both within the memory and plasma cell compartments. TLR-mediated activation of B cells may help to feed and stabilize the spontaneous and ectopic germinal centers that are so commonly found in autoimmune individuals and that accompany chronic inflammation