Revision of Syntropinae.

71 pages : illustrations (some color), maps ; 26 cmThe endemic North American vaejovid scorpion subfamily Syntropinae Kraepelin, 1905, is redefined and its component genera revised, based on a simultaneous phylogenetic analysis of 250 morphological characters and 4221 aligned DNA nucleotides from three mitochondrial and two nuclear gene markers. Tribe Stahnkeini Soleglad and Fet, 2006, is removed from Syntropinae. Tribe Paravaejovini Soleglad and Fet, 2008, and subtribe Thorelliina Soleglad and Fet, 2008, are abolished: Paravaejovini Soleglad and Fet, 2008 = Syntropinae Kraepelin, 1905, syn. nov.; Thorelliina Soleglad and Fet, 2008 = Syntropinae Kraepelin, 1905, syn. nov. Eleven genera, six newly described, are recognized within Syntropinae: Balsateres, gen. nov.; Chihuahuanus, gen. nov.; Kochius Soleglad and Fet, 2008; Konetontli, gen. nov.; Kuarapu Francke and Ponce-Saavedra, 2010; Maaykuyak, gen. nov.; Mesomexovis, gen. nov.; Paravaejovis Williams, 1980; Syntropis Kraepelin, 1900; Thorellius Soleglad and Fet, 2008; Vizcaino, gen. nov. Hoffmannius Soleglad and Fet, 2008, is abolished: Hoffmannius Soleglad and Fet, 2008 = Paravaejovis Williams, 1980, syn. nov. Lissovaejovis Ponce-Saavedra and Beutelspacher, 2001 [nomen nudum] = Paravaejovis Williams, 1980, syn. nov. Ten species, formerly placed in Hoffmannius, are transferred to Paravaejovis: Paravaejovis confusus (Stahnke, 1940), comb. nov.; Paravaejovis diazi (Williams, 1970), comb. nov.; Paravaejovis eusthenura (Wood, 1863), comb. nov.; Paravaejovis flavus (Banks, 1900), comb. nov. [nomen dubium]; Paravaejovis galbus (Williams, 1970), comb. nov.; Paravaejovis gravicaudus (Williams, 1970), comb. nov.; Paravaejovis hoffmanni (Williams, 1970), comb. nov.; Paravaejovis puritanus (Gertsch, 1958), comb. nov.; Paravaejovis spinigerus (Wood, 1863), comb. nov.; Paravaejovis waeringi (Williams, 1970), comb. nov. Paravaejovis schwenkmeyeri (Williams, 1970), comb. nov., is removed from synonymy. Four species, formerly placed in Kochius, are transferred to Chihuahuanus, gen. nov.: Chihuahuanus cazieri (Williams, 1968), comb. nov.; Chihuahuanus crassimanus (Pocock, 1898), comb. nov.; Chihuahuanus kovariki (Soleglad and Fet, 2008), comb. nov.; Chihuahuanus russelli (Williams, 1971), comb. nov. Four species, formerly placed in Kochius, Thorellius, or Vaejovis C.L. Koch, 1836, are transferred to Mesomexovis, gen. nov.: Mesomexovis atenango (Francke and González-Santillán, 2007), comb. nov.; Mesomexovis oaxaca (Santibáñez-López and Sissom, 2010), comb. nov.; Mesomexovis occidentalis (Hoffmann, 1931), comb. nov.; Mesomexovis subcristatus (Pocock, 1898), comb. nov. Mesomexovis variegatus (Pocock, 1898), comb. nov., is reinstated to its original rank as species. Four subspecies are newly elevated to species: Kochius barbatus (Williams, 1971), stat. nov.; Kochius cerralvensis (Williams, 1971), stat. nov.; Kochius villosus (Williams, 1971), stat. nov.; Mesomexovis spadix (Hoffmann, 1931), comb. et stat. nov. Three subspecies are synonymized: Vaejovis diazi transmontanus Williams, 1970 = Paravaejovis diazi (Williams, 1970), syn. nov.; Vaejovis bruneus loretoensis Williams, 1971 = Kochius villosus (Williams, 1971), syn. nov.; Vaejovis hoffmanni fuscus Williams, 1970 = Paravaejovis hoffmanni (Williams, 1970), syn. nov

Konetontli.

78 pages : illustrations (some color), maps ; 26 cm.The Mexican vaejovid scorpion genus Konentontli González-Santillán and Prendini, 2013, was created to accommodate five species united, among other characters, by a subaculear tubercle on the telson. Species of Konetontli are among the smallest vaejovid scorpions. Their very small size, cryptic coloration, and apparently seasonal surface activity may explain their rarity in collections and it is likely that more undescribed species await discovery. In the present contribution, we describe four new species (Konetontli ignes, sp. nov.; Konetontli ilitchi, sp. nov.; Konetontli juxtlahuaca, sp. nov.; Konetontli migrus, sp. nov.) and revalidate Konetontli zihuatanejensis (Baldazo-Monsivaiz, 2003), comb. nov., previously synonymized with Konetontli acapulco (Armas and Martín-Frías, 2001), raising to 10 the number of species in the genus; redescribe previously described species, including the first description of the female of Konetontli nayarit (Armas and Martín-Frías, 2001); and present new records, comprehensive distribution maps, and a key to the identification of the species

Photography-based taxonomy is inadequate, unnecessary, and potentially harmful for biological sciences

The question whether taxonomic descriptions naming new animal species without type specimen(s) deposited in collections should be accepted for publication by scientific journals and allowed by the Code has already been discussed in Zootaxa (Dubois & Nemésio 2007; Donegan 2008, 2009; Nemésio 2009a–b; Dubois 2009; Gentile & Snell 2009; Minelli 2009; Cianferoni & Bartolozzi 2016; Amorim et al. 2016). This question was again raised in a letter supported by 35 signatories published in the journal Nature (Pape et al. 2016) on 15 September 2016. On 25 September 2016, the following rebuttal (strictly limited to 300 words as per the editorial rules of Nature) was submitted to Nature, which on 18 October 2016 refused to publish it. As we think this problem is a very important one for zoological taxonomy, this text is published here exactly as submitted to Nature, followed by the list of the 493 taxonomists and collection-based researchers who signed it in the short time span from 20 September to 6 October 2016

Revision Balsateres, Kuarapu, and Thorellius.

81 pages : illustrations (some color), maps ; 26 cm.Four genera formed a monophyletic group, referred to as the Kochius clade, in the phylogeny of the North American vaejovid scorpion subfamily Syntropinae Kraepelin, 1905: Balsateres González-Santillán and Prendini, 2013; Kochius Soleglad and Fet, 2008; Kuarapu Francke and Ponce-Saavedra, 2010; and Thorellius Soleglad and Fet, 2008. In the present contribution, all except Kochius, treated elsewhere, are revised. The monotypic Balsateres and Kuarapu are redescribed. Thorellius cristimanus (Pocock, 1898) and Thorellius intrepidus (Thorell, 1876) are redescribed and their type localities discussed and clarified. Three new species of Thorellius are described: Thorellius tekuani; Thorellius wixarika; and Thorellius yuyuawi. Vaejovis intrepidus atrox Hoffmann, 1931, is newly synonymized with T. cristimanus based on examination of the type material. A key to identification of the species of Thorellius is presented, and new locality records and updated distribution maps provided for all species covered

Thorellius intrepidus

Thorellius intrepidus (Thorell, 1876) Figures 1C, 4, 6A, 7C, 8D, 9D, 10D, 11D, 13A,Published as part of González-Santillán, Edmundo & Prendini, Lorenzo, 2018, Systematic Revision Of The North American Syntropine Vaejovid Scorpion Genera Balsateres, Kuarapu, And Thorellius, With Descriptions Of Three New Species, pp. 1 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2018 (420) on page 38, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090-420.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/649947

Thorellius tekuani González-Santillán & Prendini, 2018, sp. nov.

Thorellius tekuani, sp. nov. Figures 3, 6B, 7D, 8E, 9E, 10E, 11E, 13F–H,Published as part of González-Santillán, Edmundo & Prendini, Lorenzo, 2018, Systematic Revision Of The North American Syntropine Vaejovid Scorpion Genera Balsateres, Kuarapu, And Thorellius, With Descriptions Of Three New Species, pp. 1 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2018 (420) on page 47, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090-420.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/649947

Thorellius cristimanus

Thorellius cristimanus (Pocock, 1898) Figures 2, 5C, 7G, 8C, 9C, 10C, 11C, 12G–IPublished as part of González-Santillán, Edmundo & Prendini, Lorenzo, 2018, Systematic Revision Of The North American Syntropine Vaejovid Scorpion Genera Balsateres, Kuarapu, And Thorellius, With Descriptions Of Three New Species, pp. 1 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2018 (420) on page 27, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090-420.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/649947

Thorellius wixarika González-Santillán & Prendini, 2018, sp. nov.

Thorellius wixarika, sp. nov. Figures 1D, 3, 6C, 7C, 8F, 9F, 10F, 11F, 13C–E,Published as part of González-Santillán, Edmundo & Prendini, Lorenzo, 2018, Systematic Revision Of The North American Syntropine Vaejovid Scorpion Genera Balsateres, Kuarapu, And Thorellius, With Descriptions Of Three New Species, pp. 1 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2018 (420) on page 59, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090-420.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/649947

Thorellius yuyuawi González-Santillán & Prendini, 2018, sp. nov.

Thorellius yuyuawi, sp. nov. Figures 4, 6D, 7F, 8G, 9G, 10G, 11G, 13I–K,Published as part of González-Santillán, Edmundo & Prendini, Lorenzo, 2018, Systematic Revision Of The North American Syntropine Vaejovid Scorpion Genera Balsateres, Kuarapu, And Thorellius, With Descriptions Of Three New Species, pp. 1 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2018 (420) on page 71, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090-420.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/649947

Thorellius : Gonzalez-Santillan and Prendini 2013

KEY TO IDENTIFICATION OF THE SPECIES OF THORELLIUS 1. Pedipalp chela carinae granular and immaculate to faintly infuscate; fixed and movable fingers, proximal notch deep; fixed finger, medial lobe pronounced...............................2 – Pedipalp chela carinae smooth and densely infuscate; fixed and movable fingers, proximal notch shallow; fixed finger, medial lobe weak................................. T. yuyuawi, sp. nov. 2. Pedipalp chela manus ventral retrolateral, ventral retrosubmedian, ventral median, and ventral prosubmedian carinae sparsely granular to smooth; patella retrolateral dorsosubmedian and retrolateral median carinae vestigial, comprising few scattered fine or coarse granules...............................................3 – Pedipalp chela manus ventral retrolateral, ventral retrosubmedian, ventral median, and ventral prosubmedian carinae densely granular; patella retrolateral dorsosubmedian and retrolateral median carinae partially developed, densely granular....................................................................... T. wixarika, sp. nov. 3. Metasomal segments I and II, ventral submedian carinae granular; segments I–V, dorsal and ventral intercarinal surfaces immaculate............................................ T. tekuani, sp. nov. – Metasomal segments I and II, ventral submedian carinae smooth; segments I–V, dorsal and ventral intercarinal surfaces faintly infuscate ….....................................................4 4. Pedipalp chelae markedly incrassate; carinae broad and irregularly granular; movable finger with a pair of prolateral denticles at seventh position............................. T. intrepidus – Pedipalp chelae slightly incrassate; carinae slender and mostly moniliform, movable finger with a single prolateral denticle at seventh position........................... T. cristimanusPublished as part of González-Santillán, Edmundo & Prendini, Lorenzo, 2018, Systematic Revision Of The North American Syntropine Vaejovid Scorpion Genera Balsateres, Kuarapu, And Thorellius, With Descriptions Of Three New Species, pp. 1 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2018 (420) on page 26, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090-420.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/649947